concepts of health Flashcards
definition of health
state of complete wellbeing (physical, biological, mental, social + cultural)
4 challenges to health
- physical (external factors, fighting)
- microbial (infections)
- metabolic (inadequate diets, poisons)
- psychological (stress, fear)
how have animals reduced their chance of injury
- sensitive pain receptors (learn - avoid hazards)
- stable social groupings
how do animals avoid infection and infestation
- barriers to entry (skin, hair)
- maintain hygiene (natural excretory areas)
how do animals fight infection and repair damage
- immune system + gut
- tissue + wound healing
what are 5 factors that negatively affect domestication
- crowding, stress
- selective breeding = health complications
- high production levels = affects development
- artificial feeding + housing = lack of sunlight
- barren environments = no enrichment
how can infection be prevented at a group level
- biosecurity
- hygiene, disinfection
- vaccination, antibiotic treatment
how can infection be prevented on an animal level
- physical barriers
- chemical barriers
- immunological barriers
name 5 ways infections spread
- breathing contaminated air
- eating contaminated food
- handling infected materials
- contact with infected people
- contact with infected soil + water
what is biosecurity
a set of practical measures to prevent the spread of diseases on and between farms
what does zoonotic mean
diseases which can be transmitted between animals and humans
what are 4 factors to considered for site selection to prevent infection
- distance from neighbours
- disease status of neighbours
- direction of wind, windbreaks
- controlled ventilation indoors / air filters in labs
how can you prevent infection through contaminated food
- no animal products in food
- good food hygiene (storage + delivery)
- pest proof food stores (prevent mice spreading diseases)
how can you prevent infection through contaminated water
- check source of other watercourses
- fresh water with no fertiliser, pesticides or insecticides
how can you prevent infection through infected materials
- bedding
- farm vehicle policies
- farm visitor policy (other farm contact)
how can you prevent infection through infected animals
- good fencing to prevent contact
- stock replacement policy
- control wildlife contact
what are some physical barriers which prevent infection through
- skin
- scales
how do skin and scales protect animals and, protected from what
- covers entire body at all natural openings
- invasion of pathogens
- radiation
- vitamin D
- sensation
what are some challenges to skin integrity
- scratches, bruises, cuts
- sores, ulcers
- burns, frostbites
what is a defensive response to trauma
- inflammatory response = caused by immune system
what is the first stage of wound healing
haemostasis
what are the 4 basic steps of haemostasis
- vasoconstriction
- platelet
- coagulation
- clot formation
describe the steps of haemostasis to prevent further blood loss
sealing blood vessels to stop blood loss
- underlying collagen layer exposed (responsible for maintaining skin integrity)
- attracts platelets
- liberates serotonin + other vasoconstrictor agents
- constriction of the vessel
- formation of a temporary plug of platelets
how does the temporary plug become a blood clot during haemostasis
- platelets bound together by fibrin
- fibronogen is converted into fibrin via
-> inactive factor XII in blood activated by collagen exposure
-> active factor XII, XI, IX, VIII, Factor X
-> Factor X + Factor V + Ca + platelet lipids catalyses prothrombin to thrombin
-> thrombin catalyses fibrinogen to fibrin = stops bleeding
