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Concepts of Infection II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common group of gram negatives that causes infection?

A

Enterobacterales = aerobic bacilli (e.g ecoli, salmonella, proteus)

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2
Q

What bacteria does the pseudomonas group encompass?

A

Aerobic gram negative bacilli that aren’t part of the coliform

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3
Q

What type of bacteria are neisseria?

A

Gram negative aerobic cocci

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4
Q

What component of the cell wall in gram negative bacteria drives sepsis in this group?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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5
Q

What are some descriptors of sputum that would indicate particular organisms?

A

Rusty = pneumococcus
Bloody = TB
Yellow/green = bacterial infection
Redcurrant jelly = klebsiella

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6
Q

What are some descriptors of sputum that would indicate certain conditions?

A

Bloody = PE
Black = coal miners
Anchovy paste = ruptured amoebic abscess
Pink frothy = pulmonary oedema

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7
Q

What is the most common infection associated with HIV?

A

Strep pneumoniae = causes pneumonia

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8
Q

What is coxiella infection associated with?

A

Farm animals = produced when animals give birth

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9
Q

What is psittacosis associated with?

A

Birds of the parrot family

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10
Q

What is the typical cause of a middle lobar pneumonia?

A

Strep pneumoniae

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11
Q

How is atypical pneumonia treated?

A

Doxycycline covers most causes

Clarithromycin for legionella

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12
Q

How is an atypical pneumonia described?

A

Involvement of more than one lobe bilaterally

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13
Q

What are some causes of atypical pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, coxiella burnetti, chlamydiophila psittaci, legionella, viral or fungal

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14
Q

Following an influenza illness, what are the most common infections?

A

Strep pneumoniae, then staph aureus

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15
Q

What is haemphilus influenzae?

A

Gram negative coccobacillus = encapsulated or non-encapsulated

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16
Q

What is the most virulent form of haemophilus influenzae?

A

Type B encapsulated form

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17
Q

What are some features of haemophilus influenzae?

A

Generally aerobic
Grows on chocolate agar
Treated be amoxicillin or doxycycline

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18
Q

What type of bacteria is legionella pneumophila?

A

Gram negative bacilli = serogroup 1 causes most disease

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19
Q

How is legionella pneumophila diagnosed?

A

By performing broncho-alveolar lavage

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20
Q

What are the risk factors for legionella pneumophila?

A

Main association is lukewarm aerolised water

Risk factors = COPD, smokers, diabetes, dialysis

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21
Q

What other disease does legionella pneumophila produced, other than pneumonia?

A

Pontiac fever

22
Q

How is legionella pneumophila treated?

A

Quinolones (e.g ciprofloxacin)

23
Q

How is coxiella burnetti infection diagnosed?

A

By serology

24
Q

What type of bacteria are enterobacterales?

A

Gram negative bacilli

25
What are some examples of fast-lactose forming gram negatives?
Ecoli, klebsiella, enterobacter
26
What organisms would be indicated if a culture grew non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacteria?
Pseudomonas
27
What gram positives cause anthrax?
Bacillus spp group
28
Where is lactobacillus found?
In gut and vagina = gram positive bacteria
29
What type of bacteria is corynebacterium?
Gram positive bacilli = found on skin
30
What are some antibiotics that will be effective against gram negative bacteria?
Beta lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, polymixins
31
What is the most commonly used antibiotic for gram negative infections and sepsis?
Gentamicin
32
What are some examples of beta lactams?
Penicillin, flucloxacillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, co-amoxiclav, meropenem
33
What method do aminoglycosides rely on to kill bacteria?
Concentration dependent killing
34
What type of bacteria are streptococci?
Gram positive cocci in pairs or chains = catalase positive and facultative anaerobes
35
What can a facultative anaerobe do?
Grow both aerobically and anaerobically
36
How can streptococci be classified using their action on agar?
Beta haemolytic = complete haemolysis (yellow) Alpha haemolytic = partial haemolysis (brown) Gamma haemolytic = no haemolysis
37
What type of haemolysis do Group A and B streptococci show?
Beta haemolysis
38
What are some examples of alpha haemolytic streptococci?
Strep pneumoniae and viridans
39
What can Group A streptococci also be called?
Strep pyogenes
40
What is strep bovis associated with?
Endocarditis and colonic tumours = now called strep gallolyticus, Belongs to Group D and is alpha haemolytic
41
What antibiotic is mostly used to treat streptococci?
Benzylpenicillin
42
When is Vancmycin used to treat streptococcal infection?
In penicillin-allergic patients and to treat meningitis caused by strep pneumoniae
43
What bacteria is vancomycin active against?
Only gram positive = works at cell wall, not active against gram negatives or anaerobes
44
What is the first line antibiotic used to treat enterococcus?
Amoxicillin
45
What antibiotics is enterococcus intrinsically resistant to?
Penicillin, flucloxacillin, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides
46
Where are enterococci found?
In the GI tract
47
What type of enterococcus causes the most disease?
E.faecalis
48
What are some side effects associated with linezolid?
Serotonin syndrome and marrow toxicity
49
What is the first line antibiotic for staph aureus sepsis?
Flucloxacillin
50
What type of bacteria is nocardia?
Gram positive bacilli = occurs in those with HIV or on immunosuppression
51
What type of bacteria is listeria?
Gram positive bacilli = seen in alcohol excess and pregnancy, associated with unpasteurised cheese

Sepsis (7 decks)

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