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concrete and steel Flashcards

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1
Q

what is concrete

A

a composite mixture of cement, aggregates, and water that hardens through hydration

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2
Q

reinforcement

A

materials like steel rebar that improve tensile strength

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3
Q

creep

A

long-term deformation under load

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4
Q

shrinkage

A

reduction in volume due to moisture loss

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5
Q

compression and tension

A

concrete withstands compression but fails under tension

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6
Q

fire resistance and durability

A

concrete is naturally fire-resistant and long-lasting

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7
Q

creep and shrinkage

A

impact on long-term performance

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8
Q

slabs pt1

A

one way: loads transfer in one direction, require less steel, are thicker

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9
Q

slabs pt2

A

two-way: loads transfer in two directions, require more steel, are thinner

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10
Q

beams

A

experience bending and shear forces. bottom reinforcement resists tension; top reinforcement helps in compression

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11
Q

columns

A

carry vertical loads, reinforced with lateral ties

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12
Q

tied column

A

common in buildings

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13
Q

spiral columns

A

used in seismic zones

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14
Q

shear walls

A

resist lateral forces

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15
Q

retaining walls

A

hold back soil

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16
Q

formwork and curing (walls)

A

temporary molds shape concrete before it hardens

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17
Q

cast in place

A

poured on site, flexible in design

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18
Q

precast

A

prefabricated and transported, reducing labor and time

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19
Q

reinforced concrete compensates

A

for its weakness in tension

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20
Q

structural components include

A

slabs, beams, columns, walls, and formwork

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21
Q

innovation and sustainability

A

self-healing concrete, ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), 3d-printed concrete, reducing carbon footprint: using alternative cement mixes, recycled aggregates

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22
Q

Church of Light (Tadao Ando)

A

– Cast-in-place concrete.

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23
Q

Perot Museum (Morphosis)

A

Uses precast concrete wall panels.

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24
Q

structural steel

A

strong, lightweight, and flexible

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25
steel components
beams, columns, trusses, and connections
26
sustainability is a major advantage
98% of U.S. steel is recycled
27
ductility
the ability to stretch before breaking
28
fatigue
material weakening from repeated stress cycle
29
moment connections
rigid joints resisting bending forcess
30
strength-to-weight ratio
high efficiency compared to concrete
31
ductility and plasticity
allows deformation without sudden failure
32
fatigue and fracture
repeated stress can cause cracks
33
beams (steel)
carry loads through bending
34
columns (steel)
support vertical loads
35
trusses and space frames
Efficient load distribution for large spans.
36
Shear connections:
Simpler, transfer vertical and horizontal forces.
37
Moment connections:
Rigid, prevent rotation.
38
Bracing Systems:
Prevents movement from wind/seismic forces.
39
Steel Frame Construction:
Allows for open floor plans.
40
High-Rise Structures:
Moment frames and braced frames for stability.
41
Long-Span Structures:
Used in stadiums, airports.
42
Steel recycling:
Reduces environmental impact.
43
Hybrid Systems:
Combining steel with wood or concrete for efficiency.
44
case studies
Pompidou Center (Piano & Rogers), New York Times Building (Piano), Millennium Dome (Rogers)
45
foundation
the lower portion of a building structure that transfers it load to the ground
46
foundation primary function
support the buildings weight (structural loads) and ensure stability
47
importance of proper foundations
distribute loads evenly to prevent excessive settlement or movement and maintain structural integrity
48
shallow foundation
Spread (isolated) footings Strip footing (wall footings) Raft (mat) foundations
49
deep foundation
Piles (driven piles, bored piles) Caissons (drilled piers) Pile caps and grade beams
50
spread (isolated) footing
singular footing
51
raft foundation
multiple footings laid out
52
strip foundation
looks like a T, a strip
53
piles
in ground, multiple beams, has a cap above ground
54
caisson
singular beam in ground, belled
55
end bearing pile
beams in ground no cap
56
waterproofing and drainage
biggest threat to foundation is water infiltration, can cause cracking, mold, and structural damage
57
waterproofing method
protects low grade structures (basements and foundation walls)
58
membranes
flexible barriers applied to concrete surfaces to block water
59
bituminous coating
asphalt-based waterproofing layers that resist moisture penetration
60
drainage boards
placed against foundation walls to channel water away from the structure
61
perimeter drains (french drains)
Pipes places around the foundation to redirect water away
62
sump pumps
used in basements to remove accumulated water
63
grading adjustments
sloping the land away from the foundation to prevent pooling water.
64
structural steel
a category of steel used specifically for construction.
65
structural steel
Characterized by high strength, ductility, and flexibility, making it ideal for load-bearing structures.
66
structral steel
Fabricated into standardized shapes such as beams, columns, and plates.
67
struc. steel
Used extensively in modern architecture due to its efficiency and recyclability.
68
struc. steel Strength-to-Weight Ratio
Steel is strong but lightweight compared to concrete.
69
struc steel Speed of Construction
Prefabricated components reduce construction time.
70
struc. steel Adaptability & Flexibility
Allows for future modifications and renovations.
71
struc. steel Sustainability:
98% of structural steel is recycled in the U.S.
72
composition
primarily composed of iron with small amounts of carbon and other elements (carbon increases hardness, ductility, and strength) (alloying elements improve toughness, corrosion resistance, and weldability)
73
High tensile strength
(resists pulling forces).
74
high compressive strength
good for vertical supports).
75
Compared to materials like wood or concrete,
steel has the highest strength-to-weight ratio
76

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