Condition Definitions

Question 1

Agnosia

Answer 1

Loss of ability to recognise objects and symbols through a particular sensory channel (eg. vision, hearing, touch)

Question 2

Anosognosia

Answer 2

A severe form of neglect to the extent that the patient fails to recognise the presence or severity of their paralysis

Question 3

Aphasia

Answer 3

Failure to understand? receptive aphasia
inability to use verbal expression? expressive aphasia
–> due to impairment of the dominant cerebral hemisphere

Question 4

Apraxia

Answer 4

The inability to carry out skilled purposeful movement either on command or automatically in the absence of severe motor weakness, sensory loss of incoordination

Question 5

Apraxia - Ideational

Answer 5

Inability to perform an activity consisting of a complex series of actions either automatically or on command. There is a failure to comprehend, develop or retain the concept of what is desired. (PRACTICE PARTS)

Question 6

Apraxia - Ideomotor

Answer 6

There is no difficulty in formulating the idea of the action to be carried out, but the patient is unable to execute the activity on command. Habitual task may be able to be carried out automatically. (PRACTICE TASK)

Question 7

Apraxia - Constructional

Answer 7

Impairment in producing designs in 2 or 3 dimension by copying, drawing or constructing on command or spontaneously. Functionally difficult to perform purposeful acts while using objects in environment.

Question 8

Apraxia - Dressing

Answer 8

Unable to relate spatial forms of clothes to that of the body.

Question 9

Autotopagnosia

Answer 9

Disturbances in perception of the patient’s own body or body parts.

Question 10

Decerebrate Rigidity

Answer 10

Rigid extension of trunk, neck and limbs, with limbs adducted and internally rotated. Feet are inverted and plantar flexed; wrists and fingers are flexed.

Question 11

Decorticate Rigidity

Answer 11

Extension of trunk, neck and lower limbs, flexion of upper limbs.

Question 12

Dysarthria

Answer 12

Defects of articulation arising from neuro-muscular conditions affecting muscle tone and the action of the muscles used in articulation. Reflex behaviours such as for swallowing, sucking and chewing are also usually affected.

Question 13

Flaccidity

Answer 13

A decrease in muscle tension which contribute to joint instability; incoordination, poor postural adjustments and decreased functional ability.

Question 14

Inattention/Extinction

Answer 14

The failure to recognise or respond to a stimulus on the affected side when presented with competing stimuli applied bilaterally and simultaneously. An inattention may be tactile, visual or auditory.

Question 15

Involuntary Movements: Dyskinesia (ATHETOSIS)

Answer 15

Slow writhing continuous involuntary movements of the head, trunk and particularly the distal musculature of the limbs.

Question 16

Involuntary Movements: Dyskinesia (CHOREA)

Answer 16

Jerky, rapid, purposeless involuntary movements involving the trunk and proximal limb musculature in particular.

Question 17

Involuntary Movements: Dyskinesia (TREMOR)

Answer 17

Fine or course involuntary, rhythmic oscillating movements of any part of the body resulting from the reciprocal contraction of antagonistic muscle groups.

Question 18

Laterality

Answer 18

Awareness of Right and Left.

Question 19

Lability

Answer 19

Refers to fluctuating emotional changes.

Question 20

Nystagmus

Answer 20

A rhythmic oscillation of the eyeballs, in a horizontal, rotary or vertical direction and the oscillation is made of slow or fast components. The direction of the quick component is recording clinically as this is the most apparent movement.

Question 21

Perservation

Answer 21

Tendency for a mental or motor process to continue in activity after the situation which called if forth ceases to be present.

Question 22

Rigidity

Answer 22

An increase in muscle tension in both agonists and antagonists.

Question 23

Sensory Testing - Two Pt Discrimination

Answer 23

This is the distance between two points of stimuli when awareness of these two stimuli on homologous areas of the body first occurs. Eyes must be closed to test.

Question 24

Sensory Testing - Double Simultaneous Stimulation

Answer 24

This is the appreciation of two simultaneous stimuli presented on both sides of the body in the same area - when awareness of the stimuli is intact when each side is touched separately and not when touched together, an extinction effect is occurring. This is known an sensory inattention. Eyes are close on testing.

Question 25

Sensory Testing - Proprioception

Answer 25

This is the awareness of the position of the joint of limbs in space i.e. JOINT POSITION SENSE; and the appreciation of movement in space i.e. PASSIVE MOVEMENT APPRECIATION. This test for both must be performed without vision.

Question 26

Sensory Testing - Stereognosis

Answer 26

This is the ability to discriminate between objects by appreciating size, shape and texture without the use of sight.

Question 27

Spasticity

Answer 27

An increase in muscle tension either at rest or during movement which causes an imbalance in muscle activity about a joint.

Question 28

Synergy

Answer 28

A persistent stereotyped combination of movements, usually used in the context of abnormal movement.

Question 29

Unilateral Spatial Neglect

Answer 29

Failure to report, respond or orient to novel or meaningful stimuli presented to the side opposite a brain lesion, when this failure cannot be attributed to either sensory or motor deficits.

Question 30

USN Incorporates: Sensory Neglect

Answer 30

A lack of awareness or decreased awareness of sensory stimulation in the contra-lesional hemisphere. The decreased sensory awareness occurs even though the sensory pathways and the primary sensory cortical are are intact.

Question 31

USN Incorporates: Action-Intentional Disorders (Motor Neglect)

Answer 31

Not a deficit of the motor pathway, but a failure or decreased ability to move in the contra-lesional hemi-space despite being aware of a stimulus in that space. Can be seen in the eyes, head, limbs or trunk.

Question 32

USN Incorporates: Memory and Representational Deficites

Answer 32

A disorder of memory of extra-personal space

Question 33

Visual Disorders: Hemianopia

Answer 33

Loss of vision in one half field of each eye

Question 34

Visual Disorders: Homononyous Hemianopia

Answer 34

Loss of vision in the lateral field of each eye i.e. one medial and one lateral field

Question 35

Visual Disorders: Quadrantanopia

Answer 35

Loss of vision in one quarter field - upper or lower, medial or lateral quadrants can be lost too.

Question 36

Visual Disorders: Bitemporal Hemianopia

Answer 36

Loss of vision in the lateral field of each eye

Question 37

Visual Disorders: Visual Inattention

Answer 37

This can occur on simultaneous stimulation to both visual fields - when attention to stimuli is intact when both visual fields are tested separately and not when tested together, visual inattention on the affected side is occurring.

Question 38

Voluntary Movement Disorders: Incoordination - Asynergy

Answer 38

Is reflected in the decomposition of voluntary movements that normally flow smoothly in sequence into a succession of mechanical and puppet like movements

Question 39

Voluntary Movement Disorders: Incoordination - Ataxia

Answer 39

This term describes the combined effect of dysmetria and asynergy. There are errors in the sequence and speed of the components of each movement, e.g. gait is halting and lurching over a broad base of support

Question 40

Voluntary Movement Disorders: Incoordination - Dysmetria

Answer 40

The inability to use the correct force in executing a movement such that over shooting, post-pointing and rebound occur

Question 41

Ptosis

Answer 41

Ptosis is a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid. The drooping may be worse after being awake longer when the individual's muscles are tired.

Question 42

Ophthalmoparesi

Answer 42

Ophthalmoparesis or ophthalmoplegia refers to weakness (-paresis) or paralysis (-plegia) of one or more extraocular muscles which are responsible for eye movements. It is a physical finding in certain neurologic, ophthalmologic, and endocrine disease. Ophthalmoparesis can involve any or all of the extraocular muscles, which include the superior recti, inferior recti, medial recti, lateral recti, inferior oblique and superior oblique muscles. It can also be classified by the directions of affected movements, e.g. "vertical ophthalmoparesis".

Question 43

Strabismus

Answer 43

Strabismus, also called crossed eyes among other terms, is a condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. The eye which is focused on an object can alternate. The condition may be present occasionally or constantly. If present during a large part of childhood, it may result in amblyopia or loss of depth perception. If onset is during adulthood, it is more likely to result in double vision.