Conditions

Question 1

What is Presbyopia

Answer 1

Loss of flexibility of lens, occurs naturally with ageing which reduces ability to focus on near objects

Question 2

What is Strabismus?

Answer 2

A condition where the eyes dont properly align with each other.

Question 3

What does the term ‘Diplopia’ refer to?

Answer 3

Double vision.

Question 4

4 types of strabismus

Answer 4

Esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia and hypotropia

Question 5

What is the medical term for nearsightedness?

Answer 5

Myopia.

Question 6

Amblyopia

Answer 6

characterized by a decrease in VISION in one eye due to the brain favoring one eye over the other that’s why it’s also known as lazy eye

Question 7

Fill in the blank: __________ is a condition where one eye turns inward.

Answer 7

Esotropia

Question 8

What is Exotropia?

Answer 8

A condition where one eye turns outward.

Question 9

True or False: Hyperopia is also known as farsightedness.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What is ambylopia and what are the types

Answer 10

One eye fails to achieve normal visual acuity even with glasses or contacts

Strabismic, Refractive, Deprivative

Question 11

What does the term ‘Anisometropia’ mean?

Answer 11

A condition where the two eyes have unequal refractive power.

Question 12

What is the primary symptom of Retinal Detachment?

Answer 12

Sudden appearance of floaters and flashes of light.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: __________ is a condition where the lens of the eye becomes cloudy.

Answer 13

Cataract

Question 14

True or False: Glaucoma is characterized by increased intraocular pressure.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Nystagmus

Answer 15

Rhythmical repetitive and involuntary movement of the eyes

Question 16

What does the term ‘Macular Degeneration’ refer to?

Answer 16

A deterioration of the central portion of the retina.

Question 17

What is the primary cause of red-green Color Blindness? And what gender does it affect more

Answer 17

Genetic defects on X chromosome affecting color-detecting pigments in the cones of the retina. Affects men more

Question 18

True or False: Papilledema indicates swelling of the optic nerve head.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Astigmatism

Answer 19

medical term for the condition where the eye’s cornea is misshapen, causing blurred vision and multiple focal points of lights

Question 20

Allodynia

Answer 20

Feeling pain when exposed to innocous stimuli

Question 21

Hyperalgesia

Answer 21

Intensified pain to noxious stimuli

Question 22

What is hemiparesis?

Answer 22

Weakness on one side of the body due to damage to the corticospinal tract

Commonly seen in strokes involving the middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Question 23

Define hemiplegia.

Answer 23

Complete paralysis on one side of the body

Often due to large infarcts affecting the motor cortex or internal capsule

Question 24

What is dysarthria?

Answer 24

Slurred or poorly articulated speech caused by weakness or incoordination of the speech muscles

Often seen in lacunar strokes or brainstem strokes

Question 25

What does aphasia refer to?

Answer 25

Impairment of language function

Question 26

Describe Broca's aphasia.

Answer 26

Non-fluent meaning you can’t really say sentences longer than 4 words and making correct sounds, effortful speech with intact comprehension (you still understand) ## Footnote Lesion in left inferior frontal gyrus

Question 27

What characterizes Wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 27

Fluent but nonsensical speech with impaired comprehension ## Footnote Lesion in left superior temporal gyrus

Question 28

What is conduction aphasia? And what area is affected

Answer 28

Arcuate fasciculus is affected, makes it difficult for people to repeat back what you said, and unintentionally rearranges sounds (phonemes) within a word, instead of apple they say bapple, they can still understand though ## Footnote Often due to large MCA infarcts

Question 29

Define apraxia and what area is affected

Answer 29

Inability to perform learned fine motor tasks despite normal motor function Associated with strokes in the parietal lobe

Question 30

Define ataxia and which area is affected

Answer 30

Loss of muscle coordination Cerebellum

Question 31

Paraesthesia

Answer 31

Tingling, numbness with pins & needles

Question 32

Lhermitte’s sign and what condition it’s found in

Answer 32

When neck is flexed an electrical shock sensation goes down the back of the spine MS

Question 33

Dysphasia

Answer 33

Difficulty swallowing

Question 34

Uhthoff’s phenomenon/sign

Answer 34

MS symptoms worsen in heat (like taking a shower)

Question 35

Alogia

Answer 35

Poverty of speech (schizophrenia)

Question 36

Avolition

Answer 36

Severe lack of motivation or interest/engagement in goal directed behavior (schizophrenia)

Question 37

Extra-pyramidal symptoms

Answer 37

Dystonia, akathesia, Parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Question 38

Dystonia

Answer 38

Sustained muscular contraction (muscle TONE) causes oculogyric crisis (eyes stuck in upward gaze) and Torticollis (neck twists to one side)

Question 39

Akathesia

Answer 39

Intense restlessness pacing and tapping

Question 40

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 40

Repetitive uncontrolled movement of the lips, tongue and neck muscles causing lip amazing, tongue wiggling and neck twitches

Question 41

Abulia and what condition usually causes it

Answer 41

Lack of will, drive or initiative for action speech or thought, associated with frontal lobe damage (anterior cerebral stroke)

Question 42

Alexia without agraphia and what cerebral artery stroke usually causes it

Answer 42

Patient is unable to read but can still write and comprehend verbal language Posterior cerebral artery occlusion

Question 43

Paresis

Answer 43

Weakness

Question 44

Plegia

Answer 44

Paralysis

Question 45

Anhedonia and what condition do you get it in

Answer 45

Loss of interest, inability to experience pleasure or enjoyment from activities Depression

Question 46

Hypomimia where it’s found

Answer 46

Flat face or reduced facial expression found in Parkinson’s

Question 47

Hypophonia

Answer 47

Reduction in tone of voice

Question 48

Chorea

Answer 48

Purposeless dance-like movements found in huntington disease

Question 49

Athetosis

Answer 49

Slow, “snake-like” movements unusually in the hands found in Huntington disease

Question 50

Agnosia

Answer 50

Can perceive stimuli but fail to interpret or recognize them properly