Conditions Flashcards
(24 cards)
Bradycardia
A heart rate lower than 60 bpm
Tachycardia
A heart rate higher than 100 bpm
Dysrhythmias
Disorganized or abnormal heartbeats or irregular heart rate;
- Causes: Hypertension, Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), Heart Failure
- Treatment: Amiodarone (Cordarone), Dipsopyramide (Norpace), Dofetilide (Tikosyn), Propafenone (Rythmol)
Hypertension
Increased blood pressure over a certain period of time.
- Risk Factors: Increased age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, Hyperlipidemia, High Salt and fat intake, smoking, family history of high blood pressure.
- Treatment: Lose weight, Little/No Alcohol, decreasing salt intake, exercising, quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, Diuretics, Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, Vaslodilators.
Congestive Heart Failure
Happens when the heart can’t pump blood efficiently to deliver an adequate supply of blood to metabolizing tissues, usually because of water and sodium retention.
- Symptoms: Fatigue, increased urination at night, swelling, shortness of breath, tachycardia, and nausea and vomiting.
- Risk Factors: Increased age, infections, valve disease, Arrhythmia, trauma to the heart muscle, chemotherapy, and certain illicit medications, congenital heart disease.
- Treatment: 1.) Nonpharmacological Therapy; a.) Bed rest to decrease cardiac load, followed by progressive ambulation. 2.) Digoxin (Lanoxin), Diuretics, Beta-Blockers, ACE Inhibitors, ARBs
Hyperlipidemia
Increase in cholesterol; Typically LDL>100
> Risk Factors: Genetic disorder, enzyme abnormality or deficiency, obesity, high fat & cholesterol intake, certain medications that cause increased cholesterol
> Treatment: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, dietary restrictions, weight reduction, exercise, smoking cessation
> Meds:
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
Simvastatin (Zocor)
Pravastatin (Provochol)
Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
Ischemia
A Lack of oxygen due to an obstruction significant enough to deprive the heart muscles of oxygen.
Angina
Pain resulting from Ischemia
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Occurs when a rupturing of plaque results in a blood clot in the coronary arteries.
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
A condition in which complete obstruction of the coronary arteries results in the death of the part of the heart muscle where the blockage occurred.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
A condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries; Atherosclerosis. >Risk Factors: Hyperlipidemia Hypertension Smoking obesity age Family history Sedentary Lifestyle >Treatment: Aspirin Nitroglycerin Blood-thinners >Meds. Clopidogrl (Plavix) Heparin LMWH> Enoxaparin (Lovenox), Fondaparinux (Arixtra), Warfarin, Alteplase (TPA)
Anemia
Low RBC or hemoglobin concentration
>Causes: Blood loss, destruction of RBCs, and inadequate cell production.
>Symptoms: Paleness, weakness, shortness of breath, low energy levels.
>Treatment: The acute treatment of anemia is the correction of the underlying problem and transfusion of RBCs
Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)
A genetic disorder that’s caused by abnormal hemoglobin production, causing RBCs to be produced in an abnormal “sickle” shape.
>Treatment: There is no definitive treatment option; frequent blood transfusions and pain management
Microcytic Anemia
Characterized by the formation of tiny RBCs
>Causes: Iron deficiency and lead poisoning
>Treatment: Iron-rich diet; Iron supplements
-Ferrous Sulfate (Feosol)
-Ferrous Fumarate (Ferro-sequesl)
-Ferrous Gluconate (Fergon)
- Polysaccharide Iron Complex (Niferex)
Macrocytic Anemia
The formation of large RBCs
>Causes: Vitamin B12 & Folic Acid deficiencies
>Treatment: Supplements
Hemolytic Anemia
A result of decreased RBC survival time due to excessive hemolysis or destruction of RBCs.
>Treatment: Generally focused on handling underlying disorders; sometimes use of steroids & Immunosuppressants
Aplastic Anemia
The body doesn’t produce enough leukocytes (WBC) to help fight infections or enough platelets to help clot the blood.
>Causes: Aplasia - The bone marrow cells fail to develop
>Treamtent: blood transfusions, Immunosuppressant drugs.
Neutropenia
A condition in which the neutrophil count is decreased
>Causes: Usually a side effect of medications such as Chemotherapy, heparin, and antibiotics
>Treaments: Discontinuation of offending medications; gCSF - Filgrastim/Pegfilgrastim (Neupogen/Neuplasta); Prophylactic antibiotics
Leukemia
A disorder in which the bone marrow produces an extreme abundance WBCs, Type of Cancer
>Causes: Production of WBCs going unchecked, which can destroy other blood cells
>Treatment: A combination of Chemotherapy medications depending on the type of Leukemia.
Types of Leukemia
Acute Myelogenous (myelocytic) Leukemia (AML)
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Chronic Myelogenous (myelocytic) Leukemia (CML)
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Hemophilia
A genetically inherited disease characterized by a deficiency of certain clotting factors, which prevents the blood from clotting.
>Treatment: Infusing factors that are available as injectable medications.
Thrombocytopenia
Defined as an abnormally low level of platelets in the blood.
>Causes: Underlying diseases, Chronic liver disease, antibiotics, diseases of the bone marrow, and certain medications.
>Treatment: Treating underlying diseases or discontinuing the offending medications.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)
A body’s own antibodies destroying blood platelets
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVI)
Condition of having blood blots in deep veins, such as lower extremities
>Causes: Trauma to blood vessels, clotting factor deficiencies, Atrial Fibrillation, Prosthetic heart valves, pregnancy, prolonged immobility, orthopedic surgery, certain cancers, estrogen use.
>Treatment: Antiplatelet Medications
