conditions

Question 1

proptosis?

Answer 1

staring eyes - bulging

Question 2

action of superior oblique and inferior oblique?

Answer 2

inferior O = elevates eye

superior O = DEPRESSES EYE

Question 3

PTOSIS?

Answer 3

droopy eyelid

Question 4

3rd nerve palsy
symptoms?
what it affects?
pupillary response

Answer 4

eyelid is closed
eye is down and out
not Able to up and in
pupil not responsive to light

Question 5

7th nerve palsy?

explain symptoms

Answer 5

bells palsy
facial nerve palsy

sudden weakness one side of face
difficulty to close eyelid
facial droop
drooling

Question 6

meibomian glands?

Answer 6

glands in tarsal plate of eye - producing oily substance -

Question 7

conjunctivitis?

causes

Answer 7

bacterial or viral infection

red watery discharge

Question 8

corneal ulcer caused by?

Answer 8

viral/bacterial infection

trauma

Question 9

dystrophies and degenerations?
how they present
type

Answer 9

diseases affecting cornea

bilateral
non-inflam

Question 10

best treatment for cataract?

Answer 10

surgery - remove and replace lens

Question 11

open-angle glaucoma?

pain?

Answer 11

cornea and iris open but trabecular meshwork partially blocked
painless
increase IOP

Question 12

consequences of increased IOP?

Answer 12

PRESSURE on optic nerve

lead to visual defects - blindness

Question 13

triad of diagnosis for glaucoma?

Answer 13

raised IOP
VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS
optic disc changed - unhealthy, pale and cupped

Question 14

CLOSED ANGLE GLUACOMA?

SYMTPOMS AND PRESENTATION

Answer 14

iris blocking the angle
sudden sever pain
increase in IOP RED EYE

Question 15

what is glaucoma?

Answer 15

damage to optic nerve -lead to blindness

Question 16

what occurs at trabecular meshwork?

Answer 16

where the iris and cornea meet and where AH drains

Question 17

progression of closed and open glaucoma difference?

Answer 17

closed - sudden

open - slow progression

Question 18

laser trabeculoplasty?

Answer 18

laser treatment for open glaucoma - to unclog the open channels -

Question 19

trabeculectomy?

Answer 19

creat hole in iris to allow better drainage to relieve pressure in eye

Question 20

ways angle closes in eye? 3

Answer 20

1. large lens blocks
2. periphery of iris crowds around angle and obstruct outflow
3. iris sticks to pupillary border which obstructs angle

Question 21

examples of eye drops that reduce IOP?

Answer 21

CARBONIC anhydrase inhibitors
beta brockers
prostaglandins

Question 22

urea of eye made up of?

Answer 22

middle layer of eye
iris
ciliary body
choroid

Question 23

uveitis causes? 2

Answer 23

autoimmune causes

injury

Question 24

amblyopia?

Answer 24

lazy eye

Question 25

how pupillary reflex works?

Answer 25

light on eye impulse through optic tract but go to midbrain where EWN is inside 3rd nerve nucleus fibres go to EWN of both sides - don't go to the LGB - go to midbrain EWN - part of 3rd nerve nucleus then back to orbit through parasympathetic fibers and synapse at ciliary ganglion to constrictor pupillae and contract both sides

Question 26

abnormal pupil reflex due to?

Answer 26

diseases of optic nerve /retina disease of 3rd cranial nerve

Question 27

horners syndrome symptoms?

Answer 27

ptosis - drops eyelid anhidrosis - loss of sweating miosis -constricted pupil ON ONE SIDE OF FACE

Question 28

HORNERS syndrome damaged what?

Answer 28

sympathetic innervation to pupil

Question 29

how to determine epithelial defects on eye?

Answer 29

staining with fluroscene

Question 30

corneal abrasion? treatment

Answer 30

scratch on cornea due to trauma topical Ab analgesia for pain

Question 31

cycloplegic med for?

Answer 31

to help dilate pupil

Question 32

pilocarpine?

Answer 32

help to reduce pressure in eye and constrict pupil

Question 33

orbital cellulitis?

Answer 33

inflation and infection of orbital tissues superficial layer of eyelid behind septum

Question 34

posterior communicating artery aneurysm can cause?

Answer 34

just above 3rd nerve so can lead to 3rd nerve palsy

Question 35

how does central retinal vein occlusion appear?

Answer 35

stormy sky appearance on funds image - haemorragic

Question 36

how does central retinal artery occlusion appear?

Answer 36

like a cherry red spot, pale | ischaemic looking

Question 37

acyclovir for?

Answer 37

antiviral against herpes

Question 38

central retinal artery occlusion due to? leads to?

Answer 38

secondary embolic cause from heart or carotid arteries sudden loos of vision

Question 39

management of central retinal vein occlusion ?

Answer 39

intravitreal anti vegf | injection into eye to treat retinal conditions

Question 40

anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy DUE TO? explain each

Answer 40

damage to optic nerve by damage to bv GIANT CELL ARTERITIS - inflamed arteries OR non-arteritic - painless

Question 41

giant cell arteritis symptoms?

Answer 41

scalp tenderness of superficial temporal arteries

Question 42

AMD?

Answer 42

AGE RELATED MACULAR DENEGRATION gradual loss of central vision due to deterioration of macula - wears down -

Question 43

drY AMD? | WET AMD?

Answer 43

dry = gradual loss of vision wet = acute loss of vision - quickly

Question 44

dry AMD explain physiology?

Answer 44

has drusens -yellow fat deposits at macula and an atrophic form - where there are blind spots at centre of vision

Question 45

wet AMD explain physiology?

Answer 45

blood vessels grow under macula | and leak fluid

Question 46

diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 46

complication of diabetes | due to D it damages retina

Question 47

stages of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 47

swelling of bv in retina - aneurysm bv become blocked new bv grow In to retina -neovascularisation these bv leak - haemorragic