Conditions of the elbow (Yr 4) Flashcards

(35 cards)

1
Q

how will the gait change with elbow disease?

A

head lifted during stance phase on affected limb
shortened stance phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is supination?

A

internal rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is pronation?

A

external rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why do you need to take a flexed mediolateral projection of the elbow?

A

allow assessment of the anneal process, will be superimposed on a normal radiograph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the two landmarks for arthrocentesis of the elbow?

A

immediately distal to medial or lateral epicondyle
caudolaterally along anconeal process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what should be analysed on anthrocentesis of the elbow?

A

volume
colour/turbidity
total cell count
differential cell counts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how will synovial cytology of osteoarthritis compare to that of immune mediated polyarthritis?

A

OA - low cellularity with mononuclear cells predominating
IMPA - highly cellular with neutrophilic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what dogs is elbow dysplasia commonly seen in?

A

medium-large breed popular dogs - Labrador, Rottweilers, Bernese mountain dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the four disease entities defined by elbow dysplasia?

A

fragmentation of medial aspect of the coronoid process (medial coronoid disease)
OCD of medial aspect of humeral condyle
uninvited anconeal process
elbow incongruity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the two causes of elbow incongruency?

A

short radius
short ulna syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what causes a short radius leading to elbow incongruency?

A

premature closure of proximal/distal radial growth plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what causes short ulna syndrome leading to elbow incongruency?

A

premature close of the distal ulna physis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is elbow incongruency treated?

A

bone lengthening procedures (ulna is most commonly effected, so ulna osteotomy/ostectomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what factors predispose animals to medial coronoid disease?

A

genetics
nutrition (rapid growth)
biomechanics (sites of greatest load)
males>females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the two pathophysiological causes of medial coronoid disease?

A

elbow incongruency (short radius or ulna)
mechanical overload (disturbs endochondral ossification, becoming weak points which can fragment/fracture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

can medial coronoid disease be seen on a radiograph?

A

no, medial coronoid changes are often superimposed

17
Q

how can medial coronoid disease be treated?

A

conservative - analgesia (NSAIDs, paracetamol…)
nutraceuticals, weight management, exercise control, physiotherapy
surgery (lots of options hence none are great)

18
Q

what are the two clinical signs of OCD?

A

lameness
joint effusion
(young growing dog)

19
Q

what is the pathogenesis of OCD?

A

disturbance of normal endochondral ossification due to abnormal blood supply leading to increased thickness of cartilage
this can lead to deep thickened cartilage undergoing necrosis and flap/defects developing

20
Q

how can OCD be treated?

A

removal and debridement of cartilage flap
autogenous bone transfer (take bone from another area and place it in defect)
synthetic osteochondral transplant

21
Q

what dogs is ununited anconeal process seen in?

A

bassets and German shepherds
males>females
often have medial coronoid disease and is bilateral

22
Q

how do patient with an ununited anconeal process present?

A

chronic thoracic limb lameness, exacerbated by exercise
large joint effusion

23
Q

what radiographic view is needed to image an ununited anconeal process?

A

flexed mediolateral view

24
Q

how can patient with ununited anconeal processes be treated?

A

conservative if mild lameness
surgery (reattachment, ulnar osteotomy…)

25
what is another name for humeral intracondylar fissures?
incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle
26
what breeds are predisposed to incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle?
spaniels, French bulldogs
27
what is incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle?
humeral condyle fired from two separate centres of ossification, these should fuse at 12 weeks old if this isn't fully complete they can get a stress fracture
28
what are the three ways a humeral intracondylar fissure present?
acute onset lameness (typically fracture) chronic thoracic limb lameness asymptomatic
29
what are the indications for surgery for humeral intercondylar fractures?
persistent lameness of affected limb evidence of early remodelling of lateral epicondylar crest
30
how are symptomatic humeral intercondylar fissures without a fracture treated?
transcondylar screw (and lateral condylar plating)
31
how is asymptomatic humeral intercondylar fractures treated?
tend to treat conservatively prophylactic screw (70% complications)
32
what breeds are humeral condylar fractures seen most commonly in?
French bulldogs and spaniels
33
what age do humeral condylar fractures typically occur?
4-5 months old
34
how are humeral condylar fractures treated?
transcondylar screw (bigger is better)
35