Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Blood/Lymphatic/Endocrine/Immune > Conditions of the Immune System > Flashcards

Conditions of the Immune System Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are some of the risk factors associated with AIDS?

A

Unprotected sex with multiple partners
IV drug use/Accidental needle stick
Recipient of blood products prior to 1985
Transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products containing HIV: Blood, semen, breast milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What fluids carry HIV?

A

Blood
Body Fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, CSF, synovial, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial and amniotic fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some of the initial symptoms of acute retroviral syndrome?

A

Flu-like symptoms; Fever, myalgia
Sore throat
LAO
Fever
Generalized rash
Headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What lab findings indicates that HIV has progressed to AIDS?

A

CD4 T-cell counts <200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the AIDS-defining illnesses?

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis: meningitis and pneumonia
Cryptosporidiosis
CMV
Mycobacterium avium complex
Pneumocyctis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)
HSV, VZV
Toxoplasmosis: encephalitis
Tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the name of a common medication used to tread HIV and AIDS?

A

Zidovudine (ZDU)
Azidothymidine (AZT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of IgA deficiency?

A

Recurrent infection of GI and sinopulmonary systems, atopic disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What diseases show syndesmophytes?

A

Bony growths of the spine
Ankylosing spondylitis: Syndesmophytes are bony growths that often occur in the spine and can cause fusion of the joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is associated with what marker in the blood?

A

HLA-B27 antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

AS is associated with the intestinal infection?

A

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who is most affected by AS, men or women?

A

M:F = 5:1; usually 20-40 years olf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most common initial complaint with AS?

A

Insidious onset of low back pain, stiffness, prolonged morning stiffness ( 30 minutes), worse at night buttock pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some of the other signs and symptoms of AS?

A

Back pain that is worse in the morning, better with continued motion
Stooped or flexed posture in advanced disease
Decreased chest expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some of the sequelae of AS?

A

Neurological Complications
Anterior uveitis
Aortitis
Spinal Fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a common radiographic finding in a patient with AS?

A

Bamboo spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What autoimmune condition is associated with muscle weakness increased by activity and relieved by rest?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the antibodies found in myasthenia gravis?

A

Acetylcholine receptor and/or muscle specific tyrosine kinase antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some of the ocular symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A

Ptosis (most common initially): upper eyelid droops over eye
Diplopia: See two of the same images; due to eye muscle weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What category of drug is used to palliate myasthenia gravis symptoms?

A

Acetycholinesterase inhibitor drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What muscles are commonly affected by polymyositis ?

A

Polymyositis: Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy that causes symmetrical, proximal muscle weakness; Shoulder and Hip

Dermatomyositis: idiopathic inflammatory myopathy of muscles and skin that occurs in children and adults. Although it frequently affects the skin and muscles, it may also affect the joints, the esophagus, the lungs, and less commonly, the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some of the systemic symptoms of polymyositis?

A

Fever
Fatigue
Muscle pain and tenderness
Weight loss
Dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the usual timing of onset with polymyositis?

A

Gradually develops over 3-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a typical lab finding with polymyositis?

A

Elevated serum CK, LDH, Aldolase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of reactive arthritis?

A

Reactive Arthritis referred as Reiter Syndrome is a autoimmune condition that develops following an infection

1) Develops in reaction to bacteria usually enteric (Salmonella, Shigella or Campylobacter or Yersinia) or sexually transmitted (Chlamydia)

2) Non-gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis
3) Conjunctivitis, iritis, blurred vision
4) Inflammation of spine (spondylitis) and lower back joints (sacroiliitis)
5) Asymmetric polyarthritis is lower extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the conventional treatment of reactive arthritis?
NSAIDs, Antibiotic therapy, systemic corticosteroids are reserved for severe cases
26
Soft tissue swelling or joint effusions from RA typically affect which joints?
Symmetric joint involvement of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) Morning stiffness for >1 hour, improves with use, aggravated by rest Bilateral Ulnar Deviation Boutonniere Deformity -Extension of DIP joint and flexion of PIP joint together Other joints involved -Knees, cervical spine, hips -Shoulders, elbows
27
What common disease may have a positive rheumatoid factor?
RA Sjogren's Syndrome Mixed Connective Tissue Disease Systemic Lupus Erythematous
28
What are the radiographic changes that are diagnostic of RA?
PA hand and wrist x-ray which show erosions and bony decalcification localized in joint
29
What are some disease that demonstrate joint space narrowing?
RA , OA and gout
30
What is the usual presentation of RA?
RA is bilaterally symmetrical in its presentation of arthritis, morning stiffness >1 hr, >3 joints affected
31
What are some of the hallmark deformities seen in RA?
Ulnar deviation Swan neck deformity Boutonniere's Deformity
32
What are some of the signs of juvenile RA?
Flexion deformities Hypertrophied epiphyses Cutaneous Erythema Decreased ROM Knee, hip and elbow frequently involved Eye involvement
33
Which bacterial infection has been associated with RA development?
*Proteus mirabilis Mycoplasma EBV Rubella
34
What drugs are used to treat RA?
Methotrexate, sulfasalazine (DMARDs), hydroxychloroquine Adalimumab (DMARDs)
35
When is the worst tine of day typically for RA?
Morning stiffness
36
What nutrients are used to treat RA?
EFAs, Vitamin A, C, D, and E, curcumin
37
What are some of the signs and symptoms of Scleroderma (Systemic sclerosis)?
Excess collagen production that targets the skin, GI, lungs, and Kidney Skin thickening/harding GERD, dysphafia Raynaud's Phenomenon Fatigue Arthralgia
38
What are some of the sequelae of scleroderma?
Renal Failure
39
What herbs are used for scleroderma?
Centella asiatica Crategus spp Vaccinium myrtillus
40
What nutrients are used to treat scleroderma?
Vitamin D & E
41
What is the crest variant seen with scleroderma?
Calcification Raynaud's phenomenon Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly (tapered, claw-like fingers) Telangietasias (superficial dilated blood vessels)
42
What is the autoimmune disease that produces antibodies against the salivary lacrimal glands?
Sjogren Syndrome Autoimmune condition characterized as destruction of minor salivary glands and lacrimal glands caused by lymphocytic infiltration
43
What are the signs and symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome?
Xerophthalmia (dry eyes) Xerostomia (dry mouth) Dental caries, oral candidiasis, angular cheilitis (inflammation and fissuring at the labial commissures) Vaginal Dryness Parotitis
44
What should be ordered on a lab work up for Sjogren's?
(+) ANA, RF, anti-SSA, anti-SSB
45
What population is most at risk for systemic lupus erythematous SLE?
Women, before the age of 40 SLE: autoimmune syndrome w/ antibodies directed against DNA with diverse clinical manifestations
46
What will be seen on a urine dipstick with advanced SLE?
Marked proteinuria
47
What are some of the signs and symptoms of SLE?
MD SOAP BRAIN Malar Rash Discoid Rash (sores) Serositis Oral Ulcers ANA Photosensitivity Blood Renal Arthritis Immune Neurologic
48
What joints are most affected by SLE?
Hands Knees Wrists
49
Describe the discoid rash seen in SLE.
Immunocomplex deposition along basement membrane that may cause scarring Erythematous patches or plaques with scaling. Typically across the cheeks, ears, and nose (sparing nasal folds). Typically not painful or itchy.
50
What organs systems can be affected in SLE?
Renal: Proteinuria, Cellular Cast Neurological: Seizures, psychosis, depression, headache Cardiopulmonary: Serositis- pleural effusion with friction rub; Interstitial lung disease GI: Heaptosplenomegaly Skin: Malar butterfly/Discoid rash/Photosensitivity/Oral Ulcers Musuloskeletal (joints) Hematological
51
What should be ordered for lab work up for SLE?
ANA, *anti-dsDNA, ESR, *anti-Smith, anti-RNP, anti-SSA, anti-SSB *Specific for SLE
52
What are the common signs and symptoms of temporal (giant cell) arteritis?
Unilateral temporal headache Tenderness over temporal artery Pain with chewing Blurred vision Fever
53
What conditions is associated with temporal arteritis?
Polymyalgia rheumatica
54
What age group is most affected by temporal arteritis?
> 50 years old
55
What test should you order if you suspect temporal arteritis?
ESR which will be > 100
56
What age group commonly develops Henoch Shonlein purpura (HSP)?
98% before age 10
57
What are the common signs and symptoms of HSP?
Palpable dark red or purple lesions located on lower extremities and buttocks Arthralgia Abdominal Pain Fever, malaise
58
What test should be ordered in a patient you suspect HSP? What would you see?
Urinalysis: Hematuria and proteinuria, diagnosed clinically; not based on laboratory findings
59
What are some causes of HSP?
Viral URI, drug reaction to PCN or sulfa drugs, immunizations, may be idiopathic
60
What are common treatment of HSP?
Resolves within 4 weeks; rest hydration and pain management
61
What conditions are commonly associated with necrotizing vasculitis?
* Rare condition that involves inflammation of the blood vessel walls leading to ischemia and subsequently necrosis Polyarteritis nodosa Rheumatoid Arthritis Scleroderma Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Wegener's granulomatosis
62
What disease is characterized by segmental inflammation and necrosis of medium-sized muscular arteries?
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) -Necrotizing medium vessel vasculitis involving renal, coronary, mesenteric arteries
63
What organ systems are at greatest risk for polyarteritis nodosa?
Organ infarction in: Kidneys (renal failure) Heart ( Acute MI) Bowels ( Blood Diarrhea ) Skin ( Ischemic Ulcer) Testicular (testicular pain)
64
Polyarteritis in which of the organ systems has the worse prognosis?
GI or renal involvement 3 or more of the following 10 to be diagnosis with PAN Weight loss Myalgias, weakness or leg tenderness Livedo reticularis Neuropathy Testicular pain or tenderness Diastolic BP >90 mmHg Elevated Cr or BUN Hepatitis B Positive Arteriographic abnormality Biopsy of Artery
65
Antinuclear Antibody Patterns in Autoimmune Disease
66
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?
Type I: Immediate or anaphylactic Type II: Cytotoxic Type III: Immune Complex Type IV: Delayed
67
What are some common triggers for angioedema?
40% idiopathic Hypersensitivity (Allergic reactions) Physical Stimuli Autoimmune disease or infection Acquired angioedema occurs with urticaria Drug Reactions: Especially ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs
68
What viruses are associated with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)?
CFS disorder characterized by a state of chronic fatigue that persists for than 6 months, has no clear, and is accompanied by cognitive difficulties which is not relieved by rest EBV and CMV
69
What are some of the common signs and symptoms of CFS?
Concurrent presence of at least 4 of the following symptoms for a minimum of 6 months: Impairment of short-term memory or concentration, severe enough to cause significant decline function Sore throat; tender cervical or axillary lymph nodes Muscle pain Multi-joint pain with no swelling or redness New headache Unrefreshing sleep, insomnia Post-exertion malaise lasting > 24h
70
What are the common signs and symptoms of fibromyalgia?
Widespread body pain > 3 months: both sides of the body, above and below the waist Fatigue Morning Stiffness Non-restorative Sleep Diagnosis of exclusion
71
What is a possible mechanism that underlies fibromyalgia pain?
Mitochondria Dysfunction and oxidative stress

Blood/Lymphatic/Endocrine/Immune (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions