Conditions, Reactions And Mechanisms

Question 1

Alkanes to cyclo/branched/aromatic

Answer 1

Reforming
Al2O3 coated Pt
No mechanism

Question 2

Alkane to haloalkane

Answer 2

Free radical substitution
Halogen
UV
Equation mechanism

Question 3

Haloalkane to nitrile

Answer 3

Nucleophilic substitution
KCN
Hot ethanol
Reflux
Mechanism

Question 4

Nitrile to amine

Answer 4

Reduction
LiAlH4, dry ether
H2, Ni/Pt, high temp/press
No mechanism

Question 5

Haloalkane to amine

Answer 5

Nucleophilic substitution
Excess, ethanolic NH3
Heat, slight pressure
Mechanism

Question 6

Amine to N.sub amines

Answer 6

Nucleophilic substitution
Excess amine
Keeps acting as a nucleophile
Mechanism

Question 7

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

Answer 7

Hydrolysis
Dil HCl, reflux
Dil NaOH, Dil HCl, reflux
No mechanism

Question 8

Carboxylic acid to salts

Answer 8

Neutralisation
Metal/carbonate/alkali/base
No mechanism

Question 9

Alkene to alkane

Answer 9

Electrophilic addition/hydrogenation
H2
150*C
Ni
Mechanism

Question 10

Alkane to alkene

Answer 10

Cracking
Thermal, 1000C, 70atm
Catalytic, zeolite, 450C
No mechanism

Question 11

Alkene to haloalkane

Answer 11

Electrophilic addition
HCl/Br/I
Mechanism

Question 12

Haloalkane to alkene

Answer 12

Elimination
Hot Na/KOH (base)
Ethanol
Reflux
Mechanism

Question 13

Haloalkane to alcohol

Answer 13

Nucleophilic substitution
Warm Na/KOH
Aqueous
Reflux
Mechanism

Question 14

Alcohol to haloalkane

Answer 14

Nucleophilic substitution/Halogenation
P/S, PCl5
T, conc HCl
KBr, warm dilute H2SO4
Red P, reflux
Mechanism

Question 15

Haloalkane to grignard

Answer 15

Mg
Dry ether
No mechanism

Question 16

Grignard to carboxylic acid

Answer 16

Nucleophilic addition
CO2
Dilute HCl
Dry ether
No mechanism

Question 17

Grignard to alcohol

Answer 17

Nucleophilic addition
Methanal, P
Aldehyde, S
Ketone, T
Dry ether
Dilute HCl
No mechanism

Question 18

Alcohol to carboxylic acid

Answer 18

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7
Dilute H2SO4
Reflux
No mechanism

Question 19

Alcohol to ketone

Answer 19

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7
Dilute H2SO4
Reflux
No mechanism

Question 20

Alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 20

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7
Dilute H2SO4
Distillation
No mechanism

Question 21

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Answer 21

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7
Dilute H2SO4
Reflux
No mechanism

Question 22

Carboxylic acid to alcohol

Answer 22

Reduction
LiALH4
Dry ether
No mechanism

Question 23

Aldehyde to alcohol

Answer 23

Reduction
LiALH4
Dry ether
No mechanism

Question 24

Ketone to alcohol

Answer 24

Reduction
LiALH4
Dry ether
No mechanism

Question 25

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

Answer 25

Nucleophilic addition K/HCN Reflux Mechanism

Question 26

Ketone to hydroxynitrile

Answer 26

Nucleophilic addition K/HCN Reflux Mechanism

Question 27

Alkene to alcohol

Answer 27

Electrophilic addition/hydration Steam 300*C 60-70atm Conc H3PO4 Mechanism

Question 28

Alcohol to alkene

Answer 28

Elimination/dehydration 170*C Conc H3PO4 Mechanism

Question 29

Alkene to dihaloalkane

Answer 29

Electrophilic addition Halogen Mechanism

Question 30

Alkene to diol

Answer 30

Oxidation Dilute H2SO4 KMnO4 Purple —> colourless Shake No mechanism

Question 31

Alcohol to ester

Answer 31

Esterification/condensation Carboxylic acid, conc H2SO4, reflux Acyl chloride No mechanism

Question 32

Ester to alcohol

Answer 32

Hydrolysis H2SO4, H2O reflux, reversible NaOH, dilute HCl, reflux, irreversible No mechanism

Question 33

Carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 33

Esterification/condensation Alcohol Conc H2SO4 Reflux No mechanism

Question 34

Ester to carboxylic acid

Answer 34

Hydrolysis Water H2SO4, reflux, reversible NaOH, dilute HCl, reflux, irreversible No mechanism

Question 35

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

Answer 35

Halogenation PCl5 No mechanism

Question 36

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

Answer 36

Acylation/nucleophilic addition/elimination Water Makes HCl misty fumes Mechanism

Question 37

Acyl chloride to ester

Answer 37

Acylation/nucleophilic/addition/elimination Alcohol Faster, higher yield, no heat /catalyst needed Makes toxic HCl Mechanism

Question 38

Acyl chloride to amide

Answer 38

Acylation/nucleophilic addition/elimination NH3 Mechanism

Question 39

Acyl chloride to N sub amine

Answer 39

Acylation/nucleophilic addition/elimination Amine Mechanism

Question 40

Benzene to cyclohexane

Answer 40

Hydrogenation Ni H2 200°C No mechanism

Question 41

Benzene to phenyl ketone

Answer 41

Electrophilic substitution Acyl chloride AlCl3 Reflux RCHO+ Mechanism

Question 42

Benzene to alkyl benzene

Answer 42

Electrophilic substitution Haloalkane AlCl3 Reflux Mechanism

Question 43

Benzene to bromobenzene

Answer 43

Electrophilic substitution Br2 FeBr3/AlBr3 Reflux Br^+ Mechanism

Question 44

Benzene to nitrobenzene

Answer 44

Electrophilic substitution Conc HNO3 Conc H2SO4 Heat at 50°C >55°C = further substitutions NO2+ Mechanism

Question 45

Nitrobenzene to Phenylamine

Answer 45

Reduction Conc HCl Tin Reflux Add NaOH Mechanism

Question 46

Phenol to 2, 4, 6 tri bromo phenol

Answer 46

Electrophilic substitution Br2 (aq) No catalyst No mechanism

Question 47

Phenyl ketone to …

Answer 47

Secondary alcohol (reduction) Hydroxy nitrile (nucleophilic addition)

Question 48

Phenylamine to …

Answer 48

N-sub amide (Acylation) Secondary/tertiary amine (nucleophilic substitution)