Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y1 Cardiovascular > Conditions - Valvular diseases > Flashcards

Conditions - Valvular diseases Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is aortic stenosis

A

Narrowing of aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the possible consequences of aortic stenosis

A

Harder to pump blood to the body -> Left ventricular hypertrophy -> heart failure/cardiogenic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the causes of aortic stenosis

A

Aging
Post rheumatic fever
Congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the common symptoms of valvular diseases

A

Dyspnea
Presyncope
Syncope
Chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the clinical signs of aortic stenosis

A 
Low volume pulse 
Displaced apex 
Soft S2
Narrow pulse pressure
4th heart sound
Ejection systolic murmur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes displaced apex beat

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment of aortic stenosis

A 
If asymptomatic - observe
If symptomatic 
- Valvular replacement 
- Trans catheter aortic valve replacement
- Balloom aortic valvotomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is balloon aortic valvotomy

A

the stenotic leaflets are forced apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is mitral regurgitation

A

Leaky mitral valve, causing blood to flow back into left atria, decreasing CO and may cause blood to back up in lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the causes of mitral regurgitation

A 
Acute endocarditis 
Acute rupture of papillary muscle / chordae 
Post MI 
Aging 
Rheumatic fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can mitral regurgitation cause

A

Left heart failure - pulmonary congestion and systemic hypoperfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinical signs of mitral regurgitation

A

Displaced apex beat
Pansystolic murmur
Split S2
Third heart sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to identify left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG

A

lead I most positive

lead 2 and 3 negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the treatments for mitral regurgitation

A

Diuretics + ACEi + beta blockers for HF

surgical repair or replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is aortic regurgitation

A

Leaky aortic valve, causing blood to flow back into left ventricle, decreasing CO and may cause left HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the causes of aortic regurgitation

A

Endocarditis
Rheumatic fever
Marfan’s syndrome
Aortic dissection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the clinical signs of aortic regurgitation

A

Displaced apex
Collapsing pulse
Early diastolic murmur
wide pulse pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the early diastolic murmur of aortic regurgitation heard

A

At left sternal edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is balloon valvuloplasty used

A

When valvular replacement is not suitable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes mitral stenosis

A

Rheumatic fever

Congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the main reason for aortic stenosis

A

Aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the main reason for mitral stenosis

A

Rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the clinical signs for mitral stenosis

Study These Flashcards
A

Tapping apex beat
Mid diastolic murmur
Loud S1

24
Q

What is mitral stenosis most commonly associated to

Study These Flashcards
A

Atrial fibrillation

25
What are the ECG findings of AF
rapid, narrow QRS irregularly irregular absent of discrete p waves - the p waves are very irregular
26
What is the murmur heard in aortic stenosis
Ejection systolic murmur
27
What is the murmur heard in Aortic regurgitation
Early diastolic murmur
28
What is the murmur heard in mitral stenosis
Mid diastolic murmur
29
What is the murmur heard in mitral regurgitation
Pansystolic murmur
30
Which pathogen is the most common cause of infective endocarditis
Staphylococcus aureus
31
Which pathogen is the most common cause of prosthetic IE
Staphylococcus epidermis
32
What type of staphylococci is staph. epidermis
Coagulase negative
33
How does the range of possible pathogen change in prosthetic IE
First 2 months - most commonly staph. epidermis or other coagulase negative staph. After 2 months - staphylococcus aureus
34
Which pathogen is most associated to poor dental hygiene
Streptococcus viridans
35
What is the feature of streptococcus bovis
Associated w colorectal cancer
36
What are the risk factors for IE
``` Age Male IV drug users Previous IE Prosthetic heart valves IV lines poor dental hygiene ```
37
Which valve is most commonly affected in native IE
Mitral valve
38
Which valve does IE caused by IV drug use affect
Tricuspid valve
39
Which pathogen is most common in IV drug users
Staphylococcus aureus
40
What are the symptoms of IE
``` Fever Malaise Dyspnea Chest pain Splinter haemorrhage ```
41
What can IE cause
Embolism (septic embolism) Damaged valves HF due to damaged valves valvular diseases
42
What are the clinical signs of septic embolism
Roth spots - eye Janeway lesions - hand and feet Renal / splenic / pulmonary abscesses
43
What is a possible ECG finding of IE
Prolonged PR interval
44
Why may a prolonged PR interval be present in IE
If the infection is at aortic root
45
How to diagnose IE
3 sets of blood tests ECG Echocardiogram
46
What does echocardiogram look at
Presence of vegetation or abscesses Valvular function Ejection fraction abnormal blood flow through prosthetic valve
47
What types of echocardiogram are used for IE investigation
Transthoracic first then transesophageal if transthoracic is negative but there is high suspicion
48
What is the treatment for IE caused by staphylococcus aureus
Flucloxacillin | Gentamicin + vancomycin if MRSA
49
What are the antibiotics used against Staph. epidermis
Vancomycin + gentamicin + rifampicin
50
What antibiotics are used against Streptococcus viridans
Benzylpenicillin + gentamicin
51
Gentamin is a narrow / broad spectrum antibiotic
broad spectrum
52
Which part of heart infarction is commonly associated with mitral regurgitation
Inferior / posterior
53
Which 2 valves are most prone to dysfunction after heart failure
Mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation
54
What would a patient with infective endocarditis usually show
Murmur | Recurrent fever
55
What is the most common cause of aortic regurgitation
Aortic dissection

Y1 Cardiovascular (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions