Conflict and tension Flashcards

Question

Locarno treaties, 1925

Answer 1

.Locarno treaties, 1925 Settle disputes with non league countries. Signed by Germany, France, Britain... Each country agreed not to go to war. If one was invaded, the victim would be protected. Germany promised to follow the ToV. Germany’s relation with Europe improved - peace. Undermined the league

Answer 2

Crisis in Corfu After WWI, the boundaries of Greece and Albania were still undecided. The league gave this job to an italian general named Tellini. While surveying Greece, he and his team were murdered. Mussolini demanded compensation. He demanded the murderers to be executed. He attacked Corfu, killing 15 people. The league morally condemned Mussolini. They agreed Greece should pay compensation. But the league would hold on to it until the murderers were found. Mussolini went to the conference of ambassadors (who were the founding members of the LoN). Greece had to apologise. Greece pays compensation directly. Mussolini takes troops out. Britain and France don’t support LoN. Mussolini was a founding member of the LoN.

Answer 3

``` Crisis in Bulgaria, 1925 A greek soldier chased after a stray dog across the border into bulgaria. Bulgarian soldiers shot the man. Greece invaded Bulgaria. Bulgaria goes to LoN. ``` Greece was morally condemned. Greece had to pay compensation. Greece was ordered to take troops out of Bulgaria. Greece agreed but felt the league was being hypocritical because when Mussolini did the same he got his way.

Answer 4

The Manchurian Crisis Japan was in poverty because their main export, silk, was not affordable. Overpopulation. Unhappy with little land received after WWI. The government was controlled by the army. Japan exploded the Manchurian railway. Japan blamed the Chinese. They used this as an excuse and invaded Manchuria. They renamed it Manchukuo. China appealed to the LoN. Set up the Lytton commission. Took 1 year to issue and simply told Japan to withdraw their troops. Economic sanctions were not placed as the USA was their main trading partner (not in LoN). All countries were suffering from GD. Britain and France would not sent troops to Japan. They didn’t have money or resources. The nearest country to punish them was Russia. But they weren’t in the league. Consequences: Abyssinian crisis. Gave Hitler confidence to break ToV.

Answer 5

``` Abyssinian crisis, 1936 Imperialism. Rich in raw materials (coal and oil). Avenge Italy’s defeat in 1896. League’s lack of action in Manchuria. ``` ``` The League condemned Italy's actions. Limited sanctions were placed on Italy. USA supplied oil to Italy (not in LoN). Britain and France continued to provide iron and steel (GD). Imports from Italy were banned. Banned trade in arms with Italy. ``` Stresa Front - Britain, France and Italy promised to stop Hitler becoming powerful. Appeasement: stop Mussolini allying with Hitler. The Suez canal was left open by Britain and France. Hoare-Lavel pact: Give Italy ⅔ of Abyssinia without self determination. Agreement between France, Britain and Italy. Effects: Italy left LoN in 1937. Rome-Berlin axis. Anti-comintern pact. Remilitarisation of the Rhineland. Appeasement replaced LoN.

Answer 6

``` Hitler’s aims in foreign policy Abolish ToV - make Germany powerful Unite German speaking people Create Lebensraum Defeat communism ```

Answer 7

Allied reactions to Hitler’s aims Britain - viewed ToV as too harsh. France - unwilling without Britain. After GD people rebelled against government USA - isolationism USSR - communist so had to protect themselves.

Answer 8

Ten-Year non aggression pact Peace between Germany and Poland for 10 years. ToV: polish corridor and upper Silesia. Consequences: people viewed Hitler as a peaceful man. Aims: none

Answer 9

Failed Anschluss, 1934 Hitler encouraged the Austrian nazis to rebel, Dollfuss (chancellor) was murdered. Mussolini defended Austria. Hitler realised his army was too weak (100,000). ToV: Anschluss was banned. Consequences: Austria and Italy allied. Aims: none.

Answer 10

German rearmament, 1935 After the disarmament conference, France increased the term of conscription by 6 months. Therefore Hitler introduced conscription Tov - conscription was banned. 100,000 army. Consequences: by 1939, Germany had 950,000 soldiers Aims: Abolish ToV - make Germany powerful.

Answer 11

Anglo-German Naval agreement Britain agreed to let Germany have 35% the size of the German fleet. ToV: 15,000 navy, 6 battleships and no submarines. Consequences: by 1939- 95 warships. Aims:Abolish ToV - make Germany powerful.

Answer 12

``` Return of the Saar, 1935 A plebiscite was held after 15 years. Germany received 90% of votes. ToV - given to France for 15 years. Consequences: coal for trading. Aims: unite German speakers and create living space ```

Answer 13

Remilitarisation of the Rhineland, 1936 Franco-soviet pact: Hitler was surrounded from the east and west. Hitler felt threatened and remilitarised the Rhineland to protect from an attack from France. Hitler broke the Locarno treaties where he said he would follow ToV. Hitler promised not to annex any land for 25 years. ``` Britain felt Tov was too harsh. Abyssinia crisis (Stressa front). France was going through general elections and wouldn’t do anything without Britain. ``` Hitler had taken risks as if economic sanctions were placed the economy would cripple. If military sanctions were placed his army wasn’t big or strong enough to withhold an attack (conscription was only introduced a year before). ``` Results of the remilitarisation: Gave Hitler confidence to break ToV. Rome-Berlin axis was signed The Anti-Comintern pact was signed. Appeasement replaced the LoN. ```

Answer 14

Anschluss 1934, 1936, 1938. Rumours about Nazis taking over the government spread. Schuschnigg (Austrian chancellor) asked Hitler for help. Hitler refused and forced him to appoint a nazi as minister of interior. Hitler encouraged Nazis to riot. Schuschnigg planned a plebiscite. Hitler forced him to delay it. He place Nazi troops on the border of Austria to threaten them. 80 000 opponents were placed in concentration camps. Plebiscite: 99% of votes. Britain said the treaty was too harsh, preventing war and self determination. Aims: Abolish ToV - make Germany powerful Create living space & unite German speake

Answer 15

The Sudetenland Crisis Industrial land and 3 million German speakers. 3 aims: living space, unite German speakers and make Germany powerful. Hitler encouraged the Sudeten people to ask for independence and riot. The Sudeten leaders along with Hitler demanded self-determination. Czechoslovakia refused to give them what they wanted. Both prepared for war. Chamberlain decided to use appeasement. First meeting: Hitler asked for a plebiscite to be held for the Sudeten people. Chamberlain forced the Czech ruler to agree. Second meeting: Hitler wanted Czechoslovakia without plebiscite. Appeasement failed. Chamberlain returned to Britain and started preparing for war. Munich conference: Britain, France, Germany and Italy. No representative for Czechoslovakia or USSR. Sudetenland would be given to Hitler without a plebiscite. Britain and France promised to protect the rest of Czechoslovakia. Munich agreement: Hitler promised not to annex any more land without consulting chamberlain. Promised not to go to war with each other. Resolve any future disputes.

Answer 16

Annexation of Czechoslovakia After Hitler had been given the Sudetenland, other countries saw their vulnerability and so Poland and Hungary took land. Hitler encouraged the Slovaks to riot and press for independence. Czech president was forced to give Czechoslovakia to Hitler. Hitler’s justification was restoring order. Britain and France didn’t oppose directly. Hitler could not justify annexing Czechoslovakia as: > didn’t speak German. > not taken away in ToV. > didn’t belong to him > Hemade a promise he wouldn’t take over Czechoslovakia > He made a promise to consult Chamberlain. Appeasement doesn’t work Aims achieved: Make Germany powerful and Lebensraum. Effects: Hitler had proven that he could not be trusted (broke his promise). Britain and France promised to protect Poland. Conscription was introduced in Britain. Hitler withdrew Germany’s non aggression pact with Poland. Hitler withdrew the Anglo-German naval agreement.

Answer 17

The role of USSR Britain and France promised to protect Poland but couldn’t due to the distance so asked the USSR. Poland was scared of USSR - they knew that USSR would take over if they ever entered Poland. Stalin didn’t agree for 2 reasons: He felt Britain and France were directing Hitler towards the east (USSR) as they didn’t punish him when he annexed any other lands. Stalin felt excluded from the Munich conference (Hitler,Chamberlain, Mussolini and Daladier were all European leaders).

Answer 18

Nazi soviet pact Hitler would get the western part of Poland including Danzig and the Polish Corridor. Stalin would get the eastern part of Poland. Hitler signed the pact for peace and to prevent an attack from the Russians. Stalin signed to buy time and prepare for war. The world was shocked as Russia was communist and Hitler was fascist. Germany signed to invade the USSR and defeat communism.

Answer 19

The invasion of Poland Britain and France warned Germany that if they invaded Poland they would declare war. Hitler didn’t believe them as they did nothing before. He had more right over the Polish corridor than his annexation of Czechoslovakia (ToV, German speakers, living space). 1st September 1939: Germany invaded Poland. 3rd September 1939: Britain and France declared war.

Conflict and tension Flashcards

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