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Conflict & Tension Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

How many people died from WW1 from:
-Germany
-Britain
-France
-USA
-Russia

A
  • 2.2 million
  • 1 million
  • 1.7 million
  • 117,000
  • 3 million
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2
Q

When was the Treaty signed?

A

28th June 1919

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3
Q

When did the Paris Conference start, and how many countries attended?

A
  • January 18th 1919
  • 32 states, representing 75% of the world population
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4
Q

Who were the major powers at the Paris Conference?

A
  • UK
  • France
  • USA
  • Italy
  • Japan
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5
Q

How much did Germany have to pay in reparations?

A

£6.6 billion, or £6600 million

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6
Q

What is a plebiscite?

A

an election or vote

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7
Q

When did the Saarland return to Germany and why?

A

The Saar reunited with Germany because when it was taken away from Germany by the Treaty of Versailles in 1920 and it had to have a plebiscite to go to either France or Germany. It chose to go to Germany with a 90% majority

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8
Q

What did German people call the Treaty of Versailles and why?

A

They called it a “Diktat” as they felt it was an unfair treaty, and that they didn’t agree to it. They had no say in what happened to them as they had no representative at the Conference. Literally it means ‘something that dictates over’

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9
Q

Why didn’t the USA join the League of Nations?

A

Congress never ratified the decision due to opposition from isolationists, who didn’t want to get involved in European politics and another potential war

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10
Q

Why did David Lloyd George not like the Treaty of Versailles?

A

He thought that it would only lead to another war in 20 years

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11
Q

What was the name of the popular movement in America after the war in reference to international relations?

A

Isolationism

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12
Q

Where was the War Guilt Clause?

A

Article 231

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13
Q

Who pushed for the War Guilt Clause?

A

Georges Clemenceau, as he wanted have revenge on Germany for the damage done to France in the war and the heavy death toll

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14
Q

What did the German public think of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

The thought it was too harsh, with the War Guilt, reparations, no representative, disarmament, loss of territory

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15
Q

What did the German people call the politicians that signed the Treaty of Versailles?

A

the November Criminals

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16
Q

Where did French and Belgian troops invade as a result of Germany missing payment in 1922?

A

The Ruhr, Germany’s main industrial area

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17
Q

What was the Treaty of Neuilly?

A
  • treaty between Bulgaria and Allies
  • signed 27/11/1919
  • reparations: £100 million
  • army limited to 20,000 men
  • no airforce
  • only four battleships
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18
Q

What was the Treaty of Sevres?

A
  • treaty between Turkey and Allies
  • signed 10/8/1920
  • reparations: not specified
  • Ottoman Empire carved up
  • army restricted to 50,000 men
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19
Q

What was the Treaty of Lausanne?

A

-treaty between new Turkish government and Allies
-signed July 1923
- regained right to decide the size of their army
- regained some of the land they lost to Greece

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20
Q

What was the Treaty of St Germain?

A
  • treaty between Austria and Allies
  • signed 10/9/1919
  • army limited to 30,000 men
  • no conscription
  • lost land to form Czechoslovakia, but it was their main industrial area, so economy crashed in 1921
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21
Q

What was the Treaty of Triannon?

A
  • treaty between Hungary and Allies
  • signed 4/6/1920
  • agreed to pay reparations but economy crashed so didn’t have to
  • army limited to 30,000 men
  • no conscription
  • only four patrol boats
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22
Q

What were the main parts of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • army limited to 100,00 men
  • no airforce
  • lost Upper Silesia, Polish Corridor, Saarland, and more
  • had to pay £6.6 billion
  • had to accept responsibility for the war
  • Rhineland had to be demilitarised
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23
Q

What did each member of the League of Nations have to sign before joining?

A

a covenant

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24
Q

When was League of Nations set up?

A

10th January 1920

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25
What was the structure of the League of Nations?
They had: - an Assembly - a Secretariat - International Labour Organisation - Council of the League - Permanent Court of Justice
26
What did the Assembly do in the League of Nations?
It met once a year, and all countries who were members had one vote there on important matters that they all faced
27
What did the Council of the League do in the League of Nations?
It was a committee that took most major decisions, and most nations were a part of this
28
What did the Permanent Court of Justice do in the League of Nations?
Fifteen judges met in the Hague in the Netherlands, where they settled international disputes over eg fishing rights or frontiers
29
What did the International Labour Organisation do in the League of Nations?
Each member sent two government ministers, one employer and one worker. They discussed working conditions and got countries to make improvements
30
What did the Secretariat do in the League of Nations?
It was the permanent 'civil service', and took out decisions made by the Council
31
What was a negative of the Permanent Court of Justice?
It had no power in member countries, so decisions didn't have to be carried out out
32
What was a positive of the Permanent Court of Justice?
border disputes were very common, so it was very needed
33
What are negatives of the Assembly?
- it only met once a year - Core members had a Veto, so any decisions made could be turned down, even if they had a majority
34
What were positives of the Council of the League?
- they could put in sanctions - met more regularly
35
What were negatives of the Council of the League?
- major members had a Veto, so could overturn decisions - league had no military, so couldn't use force
36
What was a positive of the International Labour Organisation?
It made conditions better for workers
37
What were the key weaknesses of the League?
- too bureaucratic -> too much paperwork - veto rule was problematic - no army to enforce decisions - court of justice had no jurisdiction in countries - all countries acted out of self-interest
38
What were some of the key strengths of the League?
- moral condemnation - third-party mediation - use of member's military e.g. Britain sending its forces - the Children's League of Nations
39
Define diplomacy
the skill of managing (international) relationships in a positive way
40
How did the Dawes Plan and Young Plan help Germany?
It eased financial burden
41
How did the Dawes Plan and Young Plan weaken the League?
it undermined the League's authority and power
42
What was a success in disarmament?
At the Washington Conference in 1926 the USA, Japan, Britain and France all agreed to decrease the size of their militaries
43
What were the weaknesses of disarmament?
- plans were made in 1926 for a disarmament treaty but it took 5 years just to make a draft, and in 1933 it was rejected by Germany - only Germany disarmed to the extent that it did, and other nations got away with not doing it, so feelings for the League in Germany went down
44
What did the Great Depression do to the League?
- Countries were more focused on helping their own economies and staying safe than helping others - couldn't do economic sanctions bc they didn't want to make it worse - countries didn't send troops to Manchuria * Germany was severely impacted, so supported more extremists and elected Hitler
45
What is the traditional view on Hitler's role in starting WW2?
Hitler always planned the war, and each step was carefully planned and orchestrated from the beginning
46
What is the revisionist view on Hitler's role in starting WW2?
Hitler was a gambler, not a planner. He took the next logical step to see what he could get away with. Britain and France and allies are responsible because they dint stop him.
47
What was the invasion of the Rhineland?
The invasion was Hitler remilitarising the area
48
Why was the invasion of the Rhineland a problem?
FOR FRANCE: Germany now had occupied borders with them FOR THE LEAGUE: directly violates the Treaty of Versailles, and shows that Hitler had no issue with using his rearmed and growing military forces.
49
What did Hitler use as an excuse for remilitarising the Rhineland?
That he felt Germany was under threat because France had just signed a pact with the USSR to say that they would protect one another from attack by Germany
50
How did the League fail in the invasion of the Rhineland?
Hitler said to his generals to continue with the invasion when they asked him to stop, but told them to redraw immediately if they encountered resistance, as Germany didn't have enough resources to survive France pushing back. If the League had sent troops, it never would have happened, and hitler wouldn't have gained that land or confidence.
51
What was the Anti-Comintern Pact?
It was a pact signed between Germany and Japan in 1936 in which they agreed to try to prevent the spread of communism, and was targeted at the USSR and China. In 1937, Italy joined.
52
When did Germany start to re-arm?
In secret as soon as Hitler came into power in 1933, and his remilitarisation of the Rhineland was his first public show of power
53
What was the Stresa Front?
It was a pact in April 1935 between Italy, Britain and France in which they agreed to uphold borders and prevent Germany from undermining the League
54
What was the Anglo-Naval Agreement?
It was an agreement between Germany and Britain in June 1935, in which it allows Germany to grow its navy to 35% of theirs, directly undermining the Treaty and the League
55
How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to the start of WW2?
In 1936, Spain broke out in Civil War between Communists for a republic and right-wing rebels under General Franco. Hitler tested some of his new military power by destroying the Spanish town of Guernica, killing hundreds, which he said helped defeat Bolshevism.
56
define appeasement
a foreign policy of pacifying an aggravated country through negotiation in order to prevent war
57
examples of appeasement
- the Munich Agreement (Sept 1938): France and Britain allowed Hitler to take all of the Sudetenland without Czechoslovakia's consent, and having previously said that they wouldn't - the League and nations ignoring Hitler's violations of the Treaty, such as the invasion of the Rhineland or the Anschluss (1938)
58
What were the effects of appeasement?
- emboldened Hitler as he thought he could get away with it - it put too much trust in Hitler - it allowed Germany to recover and become stronger than Britain and France - it scared the USSR, as it showed them that the West had no intentions of stopping Hitler from expanding Eastwards
59
why was appeasement popular?
- the USA didn't want another war, so Allies needed a way to avoid war without USA's military support - people thought Hitler was standing up to Communism - it wasn't certain that Britain would have the Empire's support - many agreed that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh - No one wanted another war - British armed forces weren't ready for another war - countries like Britain and France saw their own economic issues as a priority
60
What is theSudetenland Crisis called?
the 'High point of appeasement'
61
How did the Sudetenland Crisis start?
12 September 1938, Hitler told Konrad Henlein (leader of Sudeten Nazis) to rebel and join Germany. When the Czech government declares martial law, Hitler threatens war
62
How did the Sudetenland Crisis escalate?
Without Czechoslovakia's approval, Chamberlain promises Hitler all the parts of the Sudetenland where the population was over 50% German. He persuades France to agree. Hitler takes this to his advantage and now demands all of the Sudetenland, which Chamberlain initially refuses
63
How did the Sudetenland Crisis lead to the Munich Agreement?
29 September 1938, France and Britain agree to give Hitler all of the Sudetenland in the hopes that he wouldn't spread to the West to expand
64
What did Chamberlain say after the Munich Agreement?
'peace for our time'
65
How did the USSR feel from the Munich Agreement?
The USSR was scared as Stalin was nervous that Hitler was spreading to Eastern Europe and would invade the USSR
66
When did Hitler take the Sudetenland?
1 October 1938
67
Why did Hitler want the Sudetenland?
- he wanted to take back the German-speakers - the strong industry - he wanted the proximity to the USSR
68
What were the effects on Czechoslovakia from the Munich Agreement?
It meant that all of the borders, industry and defences they had against Germany were gone. they had been betrayed by Britain and France, and were now open to attack from Germany.

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