Conflicts Flashcards

Question

Why are planning processes more costly

Answer 1

Modifications to compensate the opposition If additional provision is needed- roads may need to be built etc. and staff

Answer 2

Gains from the proposal against negative aspects Conflicts between differing groups The wider benefits vs local

Answer 3

BAA/BA Major London Business Trade Unions Local Employees

Answer 4

Local Residence 13 London borough councils HACAN (Heathrow Association for the Control of Aircraft Noise)

Answer 5

Air travel growth Reputation of long queues European Competition Global Hub- business routes Local Economy - jobs Investment to London Tourism

Answer 6

Air travel growth - 70% increase between 91-00, worlds busiest airport

Answer 7

Frankfurt, Paris + Amsterdam catching up and expanding

Answer 8

– T5 would employ up to 20,000 people, contribute £3 Bn contributor

Answer 9

worth £10 Bn to economy, £1.5 Bn less without T5

Answer 10

Economic contribution overstated Heavily subsidized Airlines pay nothing towards noise and air pollution HACAN say that transfers don't contribute to economy and just benefit BAA and BA Noise Pollution Largest structure on green belt to get larger Pressure on M25

Answer 11

Aviation contribution is overstated as the 26th biggest industry

Answer 12

airlines pay no VAT for fuel, unpaid tax worth £16 Bn by 2020

Answer 13

WHO target 50Db as a heathy maximum, but it is between 57-72Db locally

Answer 14

Began as a homeland for Jewish people Religious ties to the area , a lot of migration from Jews from Russia and Europe after discrimination

Answer 15

Mostly Muslim Arabs 60s – violent attacks against Israel – 11 athletes killed in Germany Olympics ‘72

Answer 16

Ruled by Turkish Ottoman Empire before WW1

Answer 17

Britain took control during various times of trouble between Arabs and Jews

Answer 18

After WW2 Britain let the UN decide to turn Palestine into two countries the Arabs and the Jews Since the Jewish leaders accepted and the Arab leaders didn’t, in 1948 the state of Israel was declared, with support from the West

Answer 19

War broke out between Arab nations and Israel Formal war ended after months of intensive fighting and international diplomacy

Answer 20

1987- beginning of demonstrations against Israel Peace talks began in the 90s and Israel withdrew from the West Bank + Gaza The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) agreed to stop attacks, but the uprising started again in 2001 when peace talks failed

Answer 21

After ’48 war, Egypt took control on the Gaza strip and Jordan the West Bank ‘67- Israel captured these areas and started to set up Jewish settlements (illegal by international law) Aug/Sep ‘05 – Israel withdrew its settlers from the areas but they were still in control of borders and airspace – unpopular with settled Israelis

Answer 22

1 million official, but many Arab refugees, stop the area from being as economically prosperous as its history Economy crippled by international boycott, very over crowded as well and high unemployment – Israel withhold tax revenues Young population with no hope- 50% under 17

Answer 23

2006 Palestine elections were held by the international community Winning party Hamas, a radical Islamist group who don’t recognise the state of Israel USA, Israel and Europe refused to acknowledge the result, imposing sanctions of Palestine

Answer 24

Gunmen are loyal to either the President or the Hamas prime minister, leading to conflict – crippling investment and preventing people from leaving their homes

Answer 25

Israel conducts air strikes on Hamas but Gaza is so crowded, many civilians injured or dead Raids into refugee camps in search for terrorists Nothing has stopped rocket fire from Hamas

Answer 26

Lack of Development and Trade Loss in Income Cost of War Poverty Increase

Answer 27

(244 schools damaged) 41% unemployment in Gaza compared to 6% in Israel

Answer 28

Estimated $40 billion loss in income opportunity to Palestine, total cost of war = $12trillion, over last 2 decades

Answer 29

Poverty more than double from 91-07

Answer 30

Over pumping in Israel= less water Rubbish dumped from Israel to Palestine Building of the wall destroying tens of thousands of trees

Answer 31

Over pumping by Israel leaves Palestine with 60 litres a day, compared to Israel's 280 and the 100 litres WHO say is appropriate The building of the wall means Palestine will lose 18% of their share of the water basin

Answer 32

Tons of rubbish is dumped in Palestine a day to avoid strict environmental laws in Israel – 50 million litres of raw sewages pumped into sea a day

Answer 33

Refugees Deaths Human rights groups argue that the Israeli army treat Arabs harshly – road checkpoint – many feel like that are in a prison West Bank Barrier - Palestinians hate the border, it even prevents them from using their farmland

Answer 34

4 Million Palestinians refugees, many living in camps in Syria, Jordan and Lebanon Over 25000 deaths since 1970

Answer 35

Ethnic segregation is the clustering together of people with similar ethnic or cultural characteristics

Answer 36

In 2006 foreign population increased to 5 million from 4.3 in 2001

Answer 37

19th Century - Jewish Arrivals escaping persecution and Irish escaping poverty 30s/40s - Jews escape WW2 48-60s - Carobbean workers to build post-war Britain 50s-60s - India, Pakistan + Bangladesh seeking work 70s - Vietnam and Uganda escaping war and persecution 80s-90s - European refugees from Yugoslavia 00s - Migration caused my enlargement of EU

Answer 38

Multicultural means that significant numbers of people differ from the majority in terms of language, customs, food, attire, religion It can also refer to: The extent to which new migrant accept that they are ‘British’ The number of different types of community (enclaves) in one area The extent to which people are ‘different’, not just religiously and ethnically

Answer 39

Because people of different ethnicities have little in common, people should be separate to avoid conflict. = Apartheid till 1994 in South Africa and ‘White Australia’ in the 60s

Answer 40

Expects new migrants to lose their distinctiveness and adopt the culture of the host country.- Denmark and USA

Answer 41

Expects ethnic groups to participate and contribute to their host country yet maintain their identity. : Singapore

Answer 42

Concentration of multiply occupancy renting in inner-city terraces within the poorer areas (due to cheap labour areas) with initial immigration and concentrations grow as migrants see this area as attractive culturally Minorities also struggle to gain mortgages and can struggle to find accommodation due to discrimination and are disproportionate in social housing

Answer 43

Special English lessons for students and parents Schools are created for religious reasons - very rare, its more often that school meals and timetables are changes instead

Answer 44

In history there were issues with immunisation but integration means that this is no longer common

Answer 45

Employment is difficult without English Conflict within ethnic communities due to some changing language or culture

Answer 46

Adhering to religious calendars and practises conflicts with employers, authorities and nationalists

Answer 47

major urban areas of the country particularly London (1.8 migrants) 50% of migrants live in London London, 60% of Caribbean population, 50% of Bangladeshi, 80% of Black African

Answer 48

Large concentration of Indian ethnicity in the midlands due to labour intensive industry in the 50s/60s Pakistani : Bradford, Leeds and Birmingham Bangladeshi : Luton, Oldham and Birmingham China distributed all over

Answer 49

Enclaves are concentrated ethnic communities, consisting of businesses, residents, religious buildings and community institutions Enclave was describe by Portes and Wilson (1980) : tight community of buyers and sellers

Answer 50

Separatism is the splitting of people or groups from the larger majority The feeling of being alienated by the central government, seeking to gain more control

Answer 51

Economic variation Separate language or culture Religious differences Local resources Geographical distance from economic and political core Weakening of state means people may way to rule themselves Strengthening of supranational bodies, such as the EU, giving groups more opportunity to develop Autonomy – (the right to self-government)

Answer 52

Psychological - must exist in peoples minds Cultural –must understand each other, through language and customs Historical – history tells citizens that the nation existed before them and will exist after, highlights its strength Territory – fights for sacristy and history of territory Political – People must be making their own decisions or will seek autonomy

Answer 53

Particularly new nations, encourage nationalism to create unity between individuals, regardless of wealth etc. : e.g. pledging allegiance to US flag The negative side to this is exclusion and xenophobia

Answer 54

Establishment of maintenance of separate societies - Bretons in France Protection Of Language - Welsh and Catalan Growth of Separatist political parties - SNP Terrorist Violence - Basques Civil war - Tamil Tigers

Answer 55

Kurds have occupied the area for several thousand years Originally small kingdoms and tribes After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire the land was French and English After the first world war, a Kurdish state was planned but Turkish nationalist won British support due to their knowledge of oil reserves

Answer 56

Largest stateless nation – 40 Million Mostly Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria – all against a Kurdish state

Answer 57

Language Culture Land Oppressed (economically as well) Poorly looked after particularly schools

Answer 58

A new Kurdistan would disrupt their national security and balance of power If one country allowed independence it would unsettle Kurds in the other countries No intention of giving up land to create another rival Valuable oil deposits

Answer 59

PKK are a violent group who are known for kidnapping tourists, bombing and attacks Turkey responded by destroying over 3000 Kurdish villages and land to stop financial support Funded from Kurds across the world – 400,00 in Germany The EU supports independence to create a safer country if Turkey should join

Answer 60

6 million Kurds fought against Iran in the Iran-Iraq war Iranian government massacred people as a result 100,000 troops against Pro-Kurd demonstrations in 05

Answer 61

With some Kurds helping Iran in the war, Suddam Hussein executed over 180,000 Kurds and bombed villages with chemical gas Hussein deported 250,000 from a district which produces 70% of Iraq’s Oil Times have been better since then : 2003 collapse

Answer 62

Illegal to teach in Kurdish 1961- 100,000 stripped of citizenship, land was given to Arab settlers

Answer 63

Against Kurd independence because they do not want to destabilise Iraq

Answer 64

‘76 – 24 arrested when Asian youths confronted National Front

Answer 65

’81 - 12 young Asians used petrol bombs as self-defence against racists

Answer 66

‘01- Bradford riots 2 stabbed, 36 arrested – cost of £7m

Answer 67

Conflict is still rife in this area and many will argue it has resulted in more segregation with separate schools and businesses for Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus

Answer 68

900 people have died in the conflict One of the oldest ethnic groups in Europe Separate language Use of language was banned by Franco, who led Spain until 1975, everything was suppressed for 40 years The ETA was formed and declared war on Spain in the 60s – very violent campaign In 1979 a referendum mean that they were allowed their own parliament but attacks continue

Answer 69

The HIPC initiative cancelled $2Bn worth of debts in 2005 40% more spending on Education, 70% on Healthcare Primary school is free with rates from 60% in 2002 to 93% in 2006 20% fewer girls in primary schools in 2000, now pretty much even 2.2 million more have access to clean drinking water LE Increased by 20 years in 16 years

Answer 70

East Timor declared itself independent from Portugal in 1975 but was invaded by Indonesia just 9 days later Over 100,000 conflict related deaths 1999- UN sponsored referendum gave a majority to East Timor Anti-Independence groups were funded by Indonesia and killed thousands destroying 70% of Infrastructure A lot of displacement of people Internationally recognized in 2002

Answer 71

A series of protests in 2004 and 2005 Aftermath of Ukrainian presidential election, claimed to be corrupt, with voter intimidation Thousands of protesters in Kiev daily Under intense scrutiny by domestic and international observers, a second election was held and the opposition, Yushchenko won on 52% In 2010 the original (Yanukovych) succeeded the opposition In 2014 Yanukovych was back out of power following clashes where 100 died

Answer 72

Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger - Reduce people living on less than a dollar a day by half - Half world hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote Gender Equality Improve maternal health Combat hiv/aids and malaria Ensure environmental sustainability - Integrate sustainability into development projects - Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable water - Significantly improve slum SOL by 2020 Global Partnership for development

Answer 73

In the 60s European colonies were handed back, and countries were keen for investment in economic growth 70s- oil prices raised twice, money was invested into western banks Banks lent money to developing countries for development and the finance conflict 80s- interest rates doubled, and many countries were unable to pay the money back Structural Adjustment Packages were created to make debts more affordable given the country cut down on spending More inequality due to austerity

Answer 74

Reductions in debt under agreements with the G8, meaning those countries which qualified were paying $1.5 billion less each year To qualify the country must demonstrate good financial management with a lack of corruption and the money save must be spent of development

Answer 75

41 million more children in primary school Odds on a woman dying during pregnancy are 1in 16 in SSA and 1 in 3800 in developed world 1Bn still living on less than a dollar a day

Answer 76

Population growth shows its certainly in stage 2 Largely subsistence farming 45% under 15 High infant mortality and fertility rate -6.8 3 million died in wars since 1988 6 million emigrated Land has potential but best land is used for growing illegal heroin poppy seeds Taliban control in 1996, meant very few women are educated, problems like male doctors unable to treat women because they are not allowed to touch them

Answer 77

Foreign armies have fought over the land for century's Terrain and ethic, regional and religious rivalries make it difficult for Kabul to take charge

Answer 78

1996 - Taliban seize control of Kabul and introduce hard-line version of Islam 1997- Taliban recognised as rulers, controlling 2/3 1998- US launches missiles to bases of Bin Laden who was accused of bombing US embassies in Africa 2001- Leader of Taliban opposition is assassinated, 9/11, US declare war when the Taliban refuse to hand over Bin Laden 2003- NATO takes control of Kabul 2004- Presidential elections 2009- More troops 2011- US burning of the Koran creates wide spread protest with UN workers killed 2014- US and Uk end combat in Afghanistan 2015- Afghan forces are in control

Answer 79

One aim of deploying forces to Afghanistan is to create better security to allow development for example transportation is restored. In one district of Afghanistan, there was enough aid from Britain for each person to have ¼ of their annual age, but there is very little evidence of any money actually trickling down to them Only a heavy security presence can prevent farmers turning to Opium growing, 60% of the economy

Answer 80

The country doesn’t have enough money to operate a modern democracy 1 in 10 Afghan teachers has their wages paid by the British tax payer Afghan government is concerned that too much is being spent on the war against drugs and not enough on security and development - $10 million- UK photography to get information about land-use With no future people are far more likely to turn towards extremism, therefore a country becomes less secure