Conflicts

Question 1

What causes conflict?

Answer 1

Identity
Ethnicity 
Culture
Resources, including Territory
Ideology

Question 2

Outline Identity

Answer 2

(nationalism, regonalism, localism) the threat of losing ones identity or the wish to impose ones identity on others can both lead to conflict.

Question 3

Outline Ethnicity

Answer 3

relates specifically to conflicts of racial supremacy or genocide, where one group sees themselves as he superior, like the Hutus the Tutsis in Rwanda

Question 4

Outline Culture

Answer 4

cultural differences can breed conflict, such as separatist debates between the UK government, the Scottish parliament and welsh assembly

Question 5

Outline Resources, Including Territory

Answer 5

resources are often a point of contention between nations and groups. resources are necessity for them both, including ownership of Falkland islands’ oil

Question 6

Outline Ideology

Answer 6

one of the most frequent causes of conflict between and within nations, conflict between democracy and communism in the cold war

Question 7

What are the four main scales of conflict?

Answer 7

International, National, Regional and Local

Question 8

Outline a international conflict

Answer 8

where two or more countries are involved in a dispute

Question 9

Outline a national conflict

Answer 9

where conflict occurs within a country

Question 10

Outline a regional conflict

Answer 10

where conflict occurs within a small area of a country, or across a geographical region e.g. the Basque Separatists

Question 11

Outline a local conflict

Answer 11

small scale conflict in one particular area, for example, arguments over a proposed wind farm being built or fracking

Question 12

What are the expressions of peaceful conflict?

Answer 12

Protests
Boycotts
Legal action
Discussion
Petitions
Diplomatic activity

Question 13

Examples of conflict resolution

Answer 13

Negotiation
Mediation
Diplomacy
Discussion
Debate
Use of agencies such as the United Nations
The planning process – for local conflicts

Question 14

What are expressions of violent conflict?

Answer 14

War, terrorism (the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes)
Insurrection (A violent uprising against an authority or government: “opposition to the new regime led to armed insurrection“ e.g. Syrian insurgents against Assad government).

Question 15

Economic migrant

Answer 15

someone who leaves their country of origin to find work or better employment opportunities in another country

Question 16

Refugee

Answer 16

someone who is forced to leave their home region or country, for example, because of war, persecution or natural disaster

Question 17

Asylum seeker

Answer 17

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.

Question 18

Illegal immigrant

Answer 18

someone who has entered a country without permission or stays beyond the permission granted by their visa

Question 19

Reasons for development of multicultural societies

Answer 19

• 1946, work shortages in Europe and labour shortages in Britain
• 1972, refugees form Uganda
• post apartheid, over 100,000 from south Africa
• 2004 + following EU enlargement 600,000 people have moved to the UK to find work
• illegal immigration (Africans)

Question 20

Housing issues (multiculturalism)

Answer 20

• initial immigrants tend to concentrate areas of poor housing and multi-occupancy is common
• lower rates of owner-occupancy
• more wealthy or subsequent generations of immigrants have moved to the suburbs
• geographical segregation often apparent

Question 21

What is separatism?

Answer 21

A move by a minority group or a region of a country towards greater independence from the country it is a part of

Question 22

Reasons for separatism

Answer 22

• An area which is economically depressed compared with a wealthier area
• Collapse of a state that was holding political power and therefore, regions together. For example, former Yugoslavia or the former USSR
• A minority religious, language or culture which drives the desire to be autonomous.

Question 23

Consequences of separatism

Answer 23

• Civil war, terrorist violence, civil disobedience.
• The growth of separate political parties and devolved power
• The protection of a language through the media and education
• the establishment and maintenance of societies and norms with clear separate cultural identities within a country.

Question 24

Basque Separatism

Answer 24

• Northern Spain/Southern France want autonomous

- Basque National Party pushed for independence since 1895

Question 25

Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Answer 25

Rooted in dispute over land claimed by Jews as their biblical birthright and by the Palestinians, there is no peace settlement in sight.

Question 26

Social impacts of Israeli and Palestinian conflict

Answer 26

- restrictions on women freedom by Hamas - poverty, malnutrition, unemployment - residents of Gaza hurt by white homophones used by the Israeli arming burning the victims skins - damaged homes by shelling injuries caused by the Israeli army - lack of medical facilities - 300,000 dead (6 day war), 950,000 total - 10,000 Palestinians fled from Jewish invasion to other Arab countries

Question 27

Economic impacts of Israeli and Palestinian conflict

Answer 27

- Israel has spent $12 billion on the wars between 1989-2010 - Palestinians banned from working in Israel, limited numbers of jobs in Gaza and west bank - many services can run by outside agencies (UN) - underground tunnels used to smuggles in goods and guns - only $60 million of Gaza $540 million budget is generated inside of Gaza, the rest from outside donors - 80% live in poverty and 35% unemployed

Question 28

Environmental impacts of Israeli and Palestinian conflict

Answer 28

- contamination of drinking water - shortages of food production - limited access to the sea by the Israeli army - using new fish pond to raise fish for market - struggling to remove sewage and other waste material, leading to spread of disease - destruction of banks of Suez canal due to Egypt's attacks with high pressure hoses

Question 29

What is the Brandt line?

Answer 29

An invisible line across spiting the right north from the poor south, between the economically developed and industrialised countries and those that are less economically developed

Question 30

How is poverty measured? Economic indicators

Answer 30

- GNP per capita | - GDP per capita

Question 31

How is poverty measured? demographic and social indicators

Answer 31

- Birth/Death rate - Infant mortality rate - Adult literacy - % of urban population - number of people per doctor

Question 32

How is poverty measured? Composite quality of life indicators

Answer 32

- Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), summaries infant mortality, life expectancy and literacy - Human Development Index (HDI) measures life expectancy, educational attainment and GDP per capita

Question 33

Causes of poverty

Answer 33

- natural hazards - unfair trade - corrupt government - war and conflict - historical factors such as colonisation - low level of income, contributes to low level nutrition and health - reduction levels, low level of school enrolment - low levels of economic diversification

Question 34

Addressing poverty on a global scale

Answer 34

- Millennium Development Goals, adopted by all 191 UN member states - setting out to deal with global security, environmental issues, human rights and poverty

Question 35

Millennium Development Goals

Answer 35

1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2) achieve universal primary education 3) promote gender equality and empower women 4) reduce child mortality 5) improve maternal health 6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7) ensure environmental sustainability 8) develop global partnership for development

Question 36

The Spanish Civil War

Answer 36

- the war broke out when fascist rebels loyal to general Francisco Franco took up arms against Spains socialist government. (Most Basque supported the government) - As a fascist, Franco believed in the unity of the state and considered separatist movements treasonous - he allowed German War planes to bomb Basque cities, including Guernica on April 26th 1937

Question 37

Formation of ETA

Answer 37

- Franco won the war and the Basques continues their fight for autonomy - in the 1950s pro independence Basque students sought to counter Franco's new power by farming Euskadi Ta Askatasuna - starting in 1968, ETA murdered security forces, politicians academics and journalists unsympathetic to their cause - other civilians were sometimes killed by ETA bombs

Question 38

The end of violence?

Answer 38

- ETA remained active until the stat of the new millennium when several al-Ga'ida terrorists attacks (Spain 2004) - Basques and other Spaniards joined calls for ETA to end

Question 39

Local conflict: Heathrow airport

Answer 39

- Heathrow airport is used by 90 airlines - they fly to 170 destinations worldwide - Heathrow currently serves 67 million passengers a year - The airport has 5 passengers terminals and a cargo terminal

Question 40

What are the plans for Heathrow airport?

Answer 40

- A new 7,200ft runway allowing the annual number of take-offs and landings increasing by 240,000 in 2030 - A new terminal to handle 35 million passengers a year - A new tunnel for the A4 to pass under taxiways between the airport and the new runway - The M4 slip road to the airport would have to be relocated

Question 41

Positives of a third runway

Answer 41

- construction woud provide up to 60,000 jobs - operating the expanding heathrow would create up to 8000 new jobs - It would support the economic growth of the UK - the British chambers of commerce estimates the economic benefits are £20 billion for the UK economy during 2020-2080 - Heathrow runways currently operate at 99% capacity, additional runway would reduce waiting times

Question 42

Negatives of a third runway

Answer 42

- increased CO2 emissions from the additional flights would contribute to global warming - the World Development Movement has claimed that the runway would emit the same amount of CO2 per year as whole of Kenya - destruction of nearby communities: 400 homes and Heathrow school demolished, noise pollution