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Confounding and Effect Modification Flashcards

(5 cards)

1
Q

What 3 aspects do researchers evaluate before declaring a real, true association?

A

> confounding or effect modification
bias
statistical significance

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2
Q

What is a confounding variable (confounder)?

A

> a 3rd variable that distorts an association (RR/OR/HR) between the EXPOSURE and OUTCOME

> a 3rd variable that makes the groups NOT EXCHANGEABLE in terms of their associations

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3
Q

A mixing of effects; an association (between exposure and outcome) is DISTORTED due to them being MIXED with another (3rd) factor which is also associated with the outcome AT THE SAME TIME?

A

> confounding

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4
Q

A CONFUSION OF EFFECTS, where effect of exposure is DISTORTED because the effect of an extraneous (3rd) factor is mistaken for the effect of the exposure

A

> confounding

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5
Q

What three criteria must a 3rd variable meet in order to be considered a confounder?

A

> associated with the exposure
associated with the outcome
not directly in the causal-pathway linking exposure to outcome (independent)

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