Confrontation and Cooperation, c1963–1972: Cooperation Flashcards Preview

AQA A-Level History: The Cold War > Confrontation and Cooperation, c1963–1972: Cooperation > Flashcards

Flashcards in Confrontation and Cooperation, c1963–1972: Cooperation Deck (14)
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1
Q

Timeline of events

A

• 1961
- Sino-Soviet split

• 1962
- Cuban Missile Crisis

• 1963

  • US, USSR, UK and France were only nuclear powers
  • Summer - report by General Leon Johnson estimated that nuclear war between two nations in 1963/64 would result in a combined 93 million casualties
  • June - Washington-Moscow hot-line set up
  • August - Moscow Test Ban Treaty
  • November - Kennedy is assassinated

• October 1964

  • Khrushchev is ousted
  • PRC successfully test their first nuclear bomb

• 1967
- LBJ first to use hot-line during Six Day War to tell Soviets he was considering sending air support to Israel

• July 1968
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

• 1968-1970

  • Most countries in UN sign Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
  • France and China privately agree

• 1990s
- France continues to test nuclear weapons in south Pacific ocean

• 1992
- France and China sign Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

• 1996
- China stop testing nuclear weapons in south Pacific ocean

2
Q

When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  • 1962
3
Q

What pressures did Khrushchev and Kennedy face prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis which affected their foreign policy?

A
  • Both interested in peaceful coexistence

• Khrushchev

  • More interested in improving Soviet economy and standards of living
  • Challenged by Mao Zedong who claimed he wasn’t revolutionary enough
  • Had to show strong anti-western stance to maintain Soviet dominance in communist world

• Kennedy
- Had to adopt strong anti-communist stance to appease opposition

4
Q

What were Kennedy’s attitudes towards the USSR and nuclear weapons following the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  • Believed US should focus on avoiding nuclear war, rather than trying to win one
  • Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) encouraged nuclear equality
  • Wanted to prevent spread of nuclear weapons to more irrational countries
5
Q

What report confirmed Kennedy’s beliefs on nuclear weapons?

A
  • Summer 1963
  • Presented by General Leon Johnson, director of National Security Council’s Net Evaluation Subcommittee
  • ‘Neither the US nor the USSR can emerge from a full scale nuclear exchange without suffering very severe damage and high casualties.’
  • Estimated that nuclear war between two nations in 1963/64 would result in a combined 93 million casualties
6
Q

Which countries were nuclear powers by 1963?

A
  • USA
  • USSR
  • UK
  • France
7
Q

When was Kennedy assassinated? How did these affect nuclear weapon discussions?

A
  • November 1963

- Delayed talks but didn’t prevent them

8
Q

What were Khrushchev’s attitudes towards the US and nuclear weapons following the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  • Wanted US-Soviet relations to be based on mutual restraint, rather than brinkmanship
  • Conciliation important due to Sino-Soviet split (1961) and realisation that foreign policy wasn’t fixed after reconciliation with Tito in Yugoslavia
9
Q

When was Khrushchev ousted? How did these affect discussions with the US?

A
  • October 1964

- Negotiations persisted under new leadership

10
Q

When was the Washington-Moscow ‘hot line’ set up? What was its significance?

A
  • June 1963
  • Allowed Kennedy and Khrushchev to reach each other 24/7
  • Avoided delays in communication like during the Cuban Missile Crisis
  • Symbolised new spirit of co-operation
  • First used by Johnson in 1967, when he alerted the Soviets that the USA was considering sending air support to Israel in the Six-Day War
11
Q

Moscow Test Ban Treaty

A
  • August 1963
  • Above-ground, underwater and outer space nuclear testing was prohibited
  • Underground tests were not prohibited, difficult to detect and differentiate from earthquakes
  • No on-site inspections, shows trust
  • First collective agreement to establish some limitations on the nuclear arms race
  • France and China refuse to sign
  • Both continued to test nuclear weapons in south Pacific: France well into the 1990s; China until 1996
12
Q

When did the PRC first successfully test a nuclear bomb?

A
  • October 1964
13
Q

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

A
  • July 1968
  • Signatories agreed to not share nuclear technology or assist non-nuclear states in developing nuclear weapons
  • This prevented non-nuclear states from forming alliances with nuclear states
  • Most countries in UN signed between 1968 and 1970
  • France and China didn’t sign until 1992, but privately agreed to adhere to terms in 1968
14
Q

Why did countries want to cut back on nuclear weapons?

A
  • They were expensive

- Many conflicts (e.g Vietnam War) used guerrilla warfare where nuclear weapons not effective

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