Congenital Anomalies

Question 1

What is the most common type of spina bifida?

Answer 1

Myelomeningocele

Question 2

When do meningoceles need to be repaired urgently?

Answer 2

• When there is incomplete skin covering the meningocele

- leaking from the meningocele

Question 3

Does the risk of myelomeningocele increase having another sibling with it?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

What is the main complication associated with myelomeningoceles?

Answer 4

Type II Chiari malformation lead to hydrocephalus

Question 5

What is the embryologic etiology of anencephaly?

Answer 5

Failure of closure of anterior neural tube

Question 6

What maternal marker would be expected to be elevated in anencephaly?

Answer 6

alpha-fetoprotein

Question 7

What is the term for symmetric dilation of central canal of spinal card by CSF?

Answer 7

Hydromyelia

Question 8

What structures are pushed down to the foramen magnum in Chiari Type I?

Answer 8

Cerebellar tonsils or vermis

Question 9

What structures are pushed down to the foramen magnum in Chiari Type II?

Answer 9

Lower medulla and 4th ventricle

Question 10

What structures are pushed down to the foramen magnum in Chiari Type III?

Answer 10

Cerebellum

Question 11

Which syndrome is characterized by short neck, low posterior hairline and limited range of neck motion?

Answer 11

Klippel-Feil syndrome

Question 12

Which disorder is characterized by unilateral or bilateral clefts in the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 12

Schizencephaly

Question 13

What is the meaning of porencephaly?

Answer 13

Cysts or cavities in the brain

Question 14

What syndrome is the combination of:

• agenesis of corpus callosum
• infantile spasms
• retinal abnormalities

Answer 14

Aicardi syndrome

Question 15

Which type of hydrocephalus is due to an obstruction in the ventricular system?

Answer 15

Non-communicating hydrocephalus

Question 16

Which type of hydrocephalus is due to the inability of CSF to be absorbed by the arachnoid space?

Answer 16

Communicating hydrocephalus

Question 17

What is the cushing triad? What is it caused by?

Answer 17

Caused by increased ICP

• bradycardia
• respiratory depression
• hypertension

Question 18

What medication can be given to mother’s in preterm labor to reduce the incidence and severity of CP?

Answer 18

Magnesium sulfate

Question 19

What are the 5 types of CP?

Answer 19

• Spastic
• Dyskinetic
• Ataxic
• Hypotonic
• Mixed

Question 20

Which type of CP is due to a pathology in the basal ganglia?

Answer 20

dyskinetic CP

Question 21

Which type of CP presents with UMN signs?

Answer 21

spastic CP

Question 22

Which type of CP presents with cerebellar signs?

Answer 22

ataxic CP

Question 23

What is the most common cause of strokes in children?

Answer 23

Sickle cell disease

Question 24

What two metabolic syndromes increase the risk of stroke?

Answer 24

Fabry disease

Homocystinuria

Question 25

What cerebral artery is typically implicated in neonatal cerebral infarction?

Answer 25

Middle cerebral artery | Typically stroke

Question 26

What type of hydrocephalus would superior sagittal sinus thrombosis lead to?

Answer 26

Communicating hydrocephalus (obstruction of CSF absorption)

Question 27

What sinus thrombosis used to be the result of otitis media/mastoiditis?

Answer 27

Right lateral sinus thrombosis

Question 28

What sinus thrombosis occurs as a result of infections of paranasal sinuses, face, nose or mouth?

Answer 28

Cavernous sinuses

Question 29

What type of hematoma appears biconvex on CT imaging?

Answer 29

Epidural hematoma

Question 30

What type of hematoma is crescent shaped on CT imaging?

Answer 30

Subdural hematoma

Question 31

What medication should be given in acute spinal cord injury?

Answer 31

IV methylprednisolone

Question 32

Which cranial nerve injury would cause ptosis?

Answer 32

CN III

Question 33

What syndrome is caused by hypoplastic of the facial nucleus leading to ocular abduction impairment?

Answer 33

Moebius syndrome

Question 34

What is the other name for the jaw winking phenomenon?

Answer 34

Marcus Gunn phenomenon