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Congenital Heart Anaomlies Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What are innocent heart murmurs?

A

Harmless sounds made by blood circulating normally through the heart’s chambers and valves or blood vessels near the heart

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2
Q

When do innocent heart murmurs commonly occur?

A

During infancy and childhood, often disappearing by adulthood

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3
Q

What are some conditions that can lead to innocent murmurs due to high cardiac output?

A
  • Anemia
  • After birth with lung expansion
  • Peripheral pulmonic stenosis
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4
Q

What is Still’s Murmur?

A

Represents turbulence or vibrations in either ventricle

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5
Q

What is a venous hum?

A

Represents blood flow returning from the head and flowing from SVC into the RA

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6
Q

What characterizes cyanotic congenital heart defects?

A
  • Right to left shunt
  • Examples: Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of great vessels, Truncus arteriosus, Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
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7
Q

What are examples of potentially cyanotic congenital heart defects?

A
  • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
  • Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
  • Atrial septal defect (ASD)
  • Endocardial cushion defect
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8
Q

What are the typical symptoms of cardiac symptomatology?

A
  • Systemic venous congestion symptoms
  • Low cardiac output
  • Exercise intolerance
  • Easy fatiguability
  • Syncopal attacks
  • Sudden death
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9
Q

What is the most common congenital heart lesion?

A

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

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10
Q

How is the shunt in VSD determined?

A

By the ratio of pulmonary to systemic venous resistance

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11
Q

What are the clinical presentations of a small VSD?

A

Asymptomatic

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12
Q

What complications can arise from a large VSD?

A
  • Heart failure
  • Cyanosis if left untreated
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Endocarditis
  • Eisenmenger syndrome
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13
Q

What types of atrial septal defects (ASD) are there?

A
  • Ostium primum
  • Ostium secundum (most common)
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14
Q

What are the signs of a large ASD?

A
  • Heart failure
  • Ejection systolic murmur over Lt USB
  • Wide fixed splitting of S2
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15
Q

What is the treatment for ASD?

A
  • Spontaneous closure in most
  • Surgery/transcatheter device closure in symptomatic patients
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16
Q

What is an endocardial cushion defect?

A

A large defect causing both ASD and VSD murmurs

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17
Q

What leads to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close, leading to blood flow from the aorta to the pulmonary artery

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18
Q

What are the clinical presentations of PDA?

A
  • Asymptomatic if small
  • Heart failure if large
  • Wide pulse pressure
  • Machinery murmur
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19
Q

What is the most common type of aortic stenosis?

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

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20
Q

What are the signs of aortic stenosis?

A
  • Systolic ejection murmur at the upper Rt 2nd intercostal space
  • Propagates to suprasternal area and neck
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21
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

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A

Narrowing at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation

22
Q

What are the signs of coarctation of the aorta?

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A
  • Absent LL pulses
  • High BP in upper extremities
  • Low BP in lower extremities
  • Short systolic murmur along Lt SB
23
Q

What characterizes Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)?

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A
  • Overriding aorta
  • Large VSD
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy
24
Q

What is the management for a hypercyanotic spell (tet spell)?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Place in squatting position
  • Administer O2
  • Subcutaneous morphine
  • Beta blockers
25
What is associated with mitral valve prolapse?
* Marfan syndrome * Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
26
What are the signs of mitral valve prolapse?
* Atypical systolic murmur preceded by a click
27
What is the definitive diagnosis method for most congenital heart defects?
Echocardiogram
28
What is the treatment for Eisenmenger syndrome?
Corrective surgery is the final solution
29
What are palpitations?
A sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat.
30
What are arrhythmias?
Abnormal heart rhythms.
31
What is an atypical systolic murmur?
A heart sound that is not typical and occurs during systole.
32
What is the significance of a systolic murmur preceded by a click?
It may indicate specific types of heart abnormalities.
33
What does a normal chest X-ray (CXR) indicate in cardiac assessments?
Typically suggests no structural heart disease.
34
What does a normal ECG usually indicate?
That there are no significant electrical disturbances in the heart.
35
What is the definitive diagnostic tool for cardiac conditions?
Echocardiogram (GOLD standard).
36
What is the likely congenital anomaly in a child with a soft systolic murmur and no thrill?
Innocent murmur.
37
What are significant points in case 2 involving a 3-month-old child?
Harsh, pan systolic murmur, poor feeding, dyspnea on feeding, sacral edema, hepatomegaly.
38
What provisional diagnosis might be considered for a 3-month-old with a pan systolic murmur?
Ventricular septal defect.
39
What are the significant findings in case 3 of a 2-month-old infant?
Wide fixed splitting of S2, systolic ejection murmur, poor feeding, sacral edema, hepatomegaly. L
40
What is the provisional diagnosis for a 2-month-old with those findings?
Atrial septal defect.
41
What are the findings in case 4 regarding a 4-month-old infant?
Fine silky hair, upward slanting of eyes, pseudomacroglossia, wide fixed splitting of S2, harsh systolic murmur.
42
What is the likely provisional diagnosis for a 4-month-old with those findings?
Down syndrome.
43
What are the significant findings in case 5 of a 14-day-old neonate?
Machinery murmur, sacral edema, hepatomegaly, poor feeding, dyspnea on feeding.
44
What is the management plan for a neonate with those findings?
Further evaluation for patent ductus arteriosus.
45
What are the significant points in case 6 of a 6-month-old infant with Alagille syndrome?
Short systolic ejection murmur, sacral edema, hepatomegaly, poor feeding.
46
What is the provisional diagnosis for a 6-month-old with findings consistent with Alagille syndrome?
Congenital heart disease.
47
What are the findings in case 7 of a 6-year-old athlete?
Short systolic ejection murmur over the right second intercostal space, HR of 90 BPM.
48
What is the provisional diagnosis for a 6-year-old athlete with those findings?
Innocent murmur.
49
What are the significant findings in case 8 involving a 7-year-old athlete?
Syncopal attack, blood pressure differential between upper and lower limbs.
50
What is the provisional diagnosis for a 7-year-old with syncopal attacks and blood pressure differences?
Coarctation of the aorta.
51
What are the symptoms of the infant in case 9?
Restlessness, cyanosis, gasping respirations, symptoms resolve when placed in knee-chest position.
52
What is the management plan for the 6-month-old infant with those symptoms?
Immediate evaluation for tetralogy of Fallot.

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