Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Paediatrics > Congenital heart defects > Flashcards

Congenital heart defects Flashcards

(48 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Tetralogy of fallout?

A

Congenital condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 co- existing defects in tetralogy of fallot?

A

Ventricular septal defect
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ventricular septal defect?

A

Hole between 2 ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Overriding aorta?

A

Allows blood from both ventricles to enter aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pulmonary valve stenosis?

A

Narrowing of exit from right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Right ventricular hypertrophy

A

Thickening of right ventricular muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does tetralogy of fallot cause?

A

Right to left cardiac shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is right to left cardiac shunt?

A

Blood bypasses lungs & does not become oxygenated
Deoxygenated blood entering systemic circulations -> cyanosis
Degree of cyanosis is related to severity of pulmonary stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Risk factors for TOF?

A

Rubella infection
Inc age of mother (>40)
Alcohol consumption in pregnancy
Diabetic mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Presentation of TOF?

A

Usually at birth (up to 1 year)
Antenatal scans
Ejection systolic murmur
Heart failure (<1 year)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Symptoms of TOF?

A 
Cyanosis
Clubbing
Poor feeding
Poor weight gain
Ejection systolic murmur (loudest in pulmonary area)
Tet spells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tet spells?

A

Intermittent symptomatic periods - becomes worse
Precipitates cyanotic periods
Becomes irritable, cyanotic and shortness of breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Severe tet spells?

A

Reduced consciousness
Seizures
Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do tet spells happen?

A

When pulmonary vascular resistance increases or systemic resistance decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What precipitates tet spells?

A

Waking
Physical exertion
Crying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treatment for tet spells?

A 
Older = squat
Younger = knees to chest
Oxygen
Beta blockers
IV fluids
Morphine 
Sodium bicarbonate
Phenylephrine infusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Investigations for TOF?

A

Echocardiogram
Doppler flow
CXR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are chest x-ray signs of TOF?

A

‘Boot shaped heart’

Due to right ventricular thickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Management of TOF?

A 
Prostaglandin infusion (in neonates) -> maintains ductus arteriosus
Total surgical repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Transposition of great arteries?

Study These Flashcards
A

Attachments of aorta and pulmonary trunk to heart are swapped (transposed)
So right ventricle pumps blood into aorta & left ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary vessels

21
Q

What can transposition of great arteries be associated with?

Study These Flashcards
A

VSD
Coarction of aorta
Pulmonary stenosis

22
Q

How does transposition of GA affect baby during pregnancy/ birth?

Study These Flashcards
A

Normal development of foetus during pregnancy but after birth is immediately life threatening as no connection between systemic and pulmonary circulation

23
Q

Immediate survival in transposition of GA?

Study These Flashcards
A

Shunt between systemic and pulmonary circulation that allows blood flowing through body to be oxygenated by lungs
Shut can occur across a PDA, atrial septal defect or ventricular septal defect

24
Q

Presentation of transposition of great arteries?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Pregnancy/ antenatal scans
PDA or VSD can initially compensate but within few weeks:
- Respiratory distress
- Tachycardia
- Poor weight gain
- Sweating
25
Management of transposition of great arteries?
``` Prostaglandin infusion (maintain ducts arterioles) Balloon septostomy Open heart surgery = definitive management ```
26
Balloon septostomy?
Insert catheter into foramen ovale via ubilicis and inflating balloon to create large atrial septal defect
27
Coarctation of aorta?
Narrowing of aortic arch (usually around ductus arteriosus)
28
What is coarctation of aorta often associated with?
Turner's syndrome
29
What does coarctation of aorta cause?
Reduced BP of blood flowing to arteries distal to narrowing | Inc pressure in areas proximal to narrowing e.g. heart and first 3 branches of aorta
30
Presentation of coarctation of aorta in neonates?
Weak femoral pulses 4 limb BP - high BP in limbs supplied from arteries before narrowing Low BP in arteries after narrowing Systolic murmur
31
Other signs of coarctation of aorta in infants?
Tachypnoea & inc work of breathing Poor feeding Grey and floppy baby
32
Additional signs of coarctation of aorta?
Left ventricular heave Underdeveloped left arm Underdevelopment of legs
33
Management of coarctation of aorta?
Varies Asymptomatic -> can live symptom free Severe -> emergency surgery after birth Correct coarctation and ligate ductus arteriosus
34
When is prostaglandin E used in coarctation of aorta and why?
Critical coarctation with risk of heart failure and death | Keeps ductus arteriosus open until surgery
35
Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD)?
All 4 pulmonary veins drain to systemic veins, right atrium or coronary sinus Pulmonary & systemic venous blood mix in right atrium causing volume loading of right atrium and right ventricl
36
What is always present with TAPVD?
Atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale & is crucial for left ventricular output
37
What does clinical presentation of TAPVD depend on?
Whether pulmonary venous return is obstructed or unobstructed
38
Clinical presentation of unobstructed TAPVD?
Insidious with failure to thrive & recurrent chest infections in infancy
39
Clinical presentation of obstructed TAPVD?
``` Acutely unwell neonate Tachypnoea Tachycardia Severe cyanosis Death within weeks to months ```
40
Investigations for TAPVD?
ECG | Chest radiology
41
Management of TAPVD?
Surgical repair
42
What is hypo plastic left heart syndrome?
Left side of heart does not form properly
43
What structures does hypo plastic left heart syndrome affect?
The left ventricle is underdeveloped and too small. The mitral valves is not formed or is very small. The aortic valve is not formed or is very small. The ascending portion of the aorta is underdeveloped or is too small. Often have atrial septal defect
44
Diagnosis of hypo plastic left heat syndrome during pregnancy?
Prenatal screening Ultrasound Fetal echocardiogram if suspected
45
Diagnosis of hypo plastic left heat syndrome after birth?
``` Problems breathing Pounding heart Weak pulse Blue skin Murmur ```
46
Other diagnostic tests for hypo plastic left heart syndrome?
Echocardiogram | Newborn pulse oximetry screening
47
Treatment of hypo plastic left heart syndrome?
Meds - Prostaglandin infusion - Diuretics - Inotropes - Afterload reduction Nutrition or feeding tube Surgery
48
3 stages of surgery for hypo plastic left heart syndrome?
Norwood procedure Bi- directional Glenn Shunt procedure Fontan procedure

Paediatrics (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions