Congenital Heart Diseases Flashcards
(18 cards)
Tetralogy of fallot
Caused by anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum.
Most common cause of early childhood cyanosis.
1) pulmonary infundibular stenosis
2) right ventricular hypotrophy
3) overriding aorta
4) ventricular septal defect
Pulmonary stenosis forces R-L shunt
Squatting: increases SVR- lowers shunt- improving cyanosis
Persistent ductus arteriosus
PDA
L-R shunt
Machine like murmur
Rx: indomethacin
Transposition of the great vessels
Aorta leaves right ventricle and pulmonary trunk leaves left ventricle.
Not compatible with life unless a shunt is present to allow mixing of blood.
Due to failure of the aortic pulmonary septum to Spiral.
Prostaglandin analogs can keep the shunt open
Ventricular septal defect VSD
Most common congenital heart defect.
Asymptomatic at birth, may manifest the weeks later or remain asymptomatic throughout life.
Most self resolve; large lesions may lead to left ventricular overload and heart failure.
Atrial septal defect ASD
L-R shunt
Defect in interatrial septum
Load S1, wide fixed split S2
Patent duct arteriosus PDA
L-R shunt
Professes to heart failure
Machine like murmur
Uncorrected can lead to late cyanosis in the lower extremities.
Rx: indomethacin or cx
Eisenmenger syndrome
Uncorrected left to right shunt, increases pulmonary bloodflow, pathologic remodeling of vasculature, pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Right ventricular hypotrophy occurs to compensate, shunt becomes right to left.
Late cyanosis, clubbing, and polycythemia.
Reverse shunt pathology VSD, ASD, PDA
Coarctation of the aorta
Aortic narrowing near insertion of ductus arteriosus.
Hypertension in upper extremity’s and weak/ delayed pulse in lower extremities.
With age, intercostal arteries enlarge due to collateral circulation; arteries erode ribs, notched appearance on CXR.
Alcohol exposure
VSD, ASD, PDA, tetralogy of fallot
Congenital rubella
PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis, septal defect
Down syndrome
AV septal defect, VSD, ASD
Infant of diabetic mother
Transposition of great vessels
Marfan syndrome
MVP, Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection, aortic regurgitation
Prenatal lithium exposure
Ebstein anomaly
Turner syndrome
Bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of aorta
William syndrome
Supra valvular aortic stenosis
Blue kids
Left to right shunt
Blue babies
Right to left shunt
