Congential Flashcards
(21 cards)
Kartagener Syndrome
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Left to right Dinan defect
Dextrocardia
Patent Ovale foramen
Failure of septal pretty numb and secundum defused afterbirth
Paradoxical emboli-similar to ASD
Venous Thromboembolism that enters systemic arterial circulation
What is the most common congenital cardiac anomalies
VSD - typically membrane septum
Pacemaker rate
SA
AV
Bundle of his/Purkinje/ventricles
SA>AV>Bundle of his/purkinje/ventricles
Speed of conduction
Purkinje
Atrial
Ventricle
AV
Purkinje > Atria > ventricle > AV node
Where is the AV node located?
Locate it in the posterior inferior part of the inter-atrial septum
T wave-ventricular repolarization
T-wave inversion may indicate what two things?
Ischemia or resent myocardio infarction
EKG: U-wave Indicates what
Prominent and hypokalemia
Bradycardia
Torsades de pointes
Definition
Predispose
Progress to
Caused by
Drugs (ABCDE)
Congenital
Treatment
Polymorphic Ventricular tachycardia
Predispose: Long QT interval
Progress: ventricular fibrillation
Causes: Drug-induced long QT Anti-arrhythmic (class 1A, III) Antibiotic (macrolide) Anti-Cychotic (Haloperidol) Antidepressant TCAs Anti-Emetics (Ondansetron)
To: Magnesium sulfate
Congenital long QT syndrome
Inherit disorder of myocardial repolarization, typically do to ion channel defects
increased risk of sudden cardiac death due to Torsades de pointes
Romano-Ward syndrome
Jervell and Lange-Nelson syndrome
Romano-Ward syndrome
AD, pure cardinal phenotype
No deafness
Jervell and Lange-Nelson syndrome
AR
Sensorineural deafness
Brugada syndrome
Prevention?
Autosomal Dominant
Most common in Asian male
Pseudo-RBBB + ST elevation V1-V3
Increased risk of ventricular tech arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death
Sudden cardiac death prevention: implantable cardio converter defibrillator
Wolffe-Parkinson-White syndrome
May result in reentry circuit into what type of tachycardia?
Most common type of ventricular Pre-excitation syndrome
Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atrial to ventricle (bundle of Kent) bypasses the rate slowing AV node into ventricle begins to partially depolarize earlier —> delta waves with widened QRS complex and shortened PR interva
reentry circuit —> supraventricular tachycardia
How does the myocardiocyted differ from skeletal muscles (3)
Myocardial sites have a plateau, requires calcium to increase calcium release from the sarcolemma reticulum, cells are interconnected by gap junctions.
The lung vasculatures are very unique and that hypoxia causes what?
And contrast, all other organs cause?
In hypoxia, the long vasculature will constrict. Shunting more blood to the better ventilating lungs.
All other organs will vasodilatate
Blood in the umbilical vein has a PO2 of _____.
what is the blood percentage saturated with oxygen leaving the placenta into the fetus?
30mmHg
80%
mitral stenosis
most common cause
Rheumatic fever
Low rumble diastolic murmur after opening snap.
Left atrial enlargement only
Best heard: Apex, left lateral recumbent
Patient has unknown medical history; developing countries
History of streptococcal infection
Aortic stenosis
most commonly cause
Triad
Best heard/radiation
Crescendo decrescendo systolic murmur
Calcification >60yo
Triad:
Syncope
Angina
Dyspnea
Right upper sternal border
Radiation to carotid
Aortic dissection
Definition
Triad
Treatment
Stanford A
Stanford B
A layer tear between the Tunica intima and media
Triad:
Sudden substernal chest pain radiating to the back
Severe hypertension
Asymmetric upper extremity pulses
Treatment: beta blockers (esmolol, labetalol)
Stanford A (proximal) involving ascending aorta Stanford B (distal): Only involves the descending aorta below ligamentous arteriosum
Hypertrophy cardiomyopathy
Crescendo decrescendo systolic murmur
Best heard: left sternal border
Increase: Valsalva, standing (Decrease preload)
EKG: large T-wave inversion‘s
S4
Fetal to post-natal structures
Allantois—> Urachus Ductus Arteriosis Ductus venosus Notochord Umbilical arteries (2) Umbilical vein (1) Foramen ovale
Allantois—> Urachus (part of allantois duct between umbilicus-bladder = Median Umbilical ligament
Ductus Arteriosis = ligamentum arteriosum Ductus venosus = ligamentum venison Notochord = nucleus propulsus Umbilical arteries (2) = medial umbilical ligament Umbilical vein (1) = ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament) - contained in Falciform ligament Foramen ovale = fossa ovalis
most common cause of ASD
Ostium secundum failure to close
