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congress_review Flashcards

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1
Q

Term

A

Definition

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2
Q

House of Representatives

A

435 members; minimum age 25, 2-year terms, based on population.

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3
Q

Senate

A

100 members; minimum age 30, 6-year terms, 2 per state.

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4
Q

Leadership

A

Speaker of the House, Majority/Minority Leaders, Whips.

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5
Q

Standing Committees

A

Permanent; handle most legislative work.

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6
Q

Select Committees

A

Temporary; handle specific issues.

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7
Q

Joint Committees

A

Members from both houses.

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8
Q

Conference Committees

A

Resolve differences in House and Senate versions of a bill.

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9
Q

How a Bill Becomes a Law

A

Proposal → Committee Review → House/Senate Voting → Conference Committee → Presidential Signature.

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10
Q

Limits on Bills

A

Presidential veto, filibuster, procedural hurdles.

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11
Q

Filibuster

A

Senate delay tactic.

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12
Q

Cloture

A

Vote to end a filibuster.

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13
Q

Closed Rule

A

Limits debate/amendments.

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14
Q

Legislative Veto

A

Congress overturns executive actions.

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15
Q

Discharge Petition

A

Forces a bill out of committee.

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16
Q

Seniority

A

Priority based on length of service.

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17
Q

Franking Privilege

A

Incumbents send mail for free.

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18
Q

Constituent Services

A

Help for people in a member’s district.

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19
Q

Casework

A

Work on behalf of constituents.

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20
Q

Pork Barrel Legislation

A

Spending for local projects.

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21
Q

Logrolling

A

Exchanging favors for votes.

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22
Q

Earmarks

A

Funds for specific projects.

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23
Q

Senatorial Courtesy

A

Senators approve nominees from their state.

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24
Q

Congressional Caucuses

A

Groups of members with shared interests.

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25
Congressional Budget Office
Non-partisan office providing budget data.
26
17th Amendment
Direct election of senators.
27
Divided Government
Different parties control the presidency and Congress.
28
Unified Government
Same party controls presidency and Congress.
29
Oversight
Congress monitors the executive branch.
30
Demographics of Congress
Characteristics like age, gender, and race.
31
Redistricting Process
Redrawing district boundaries.
32
Baker v. Carr
One person, one vote principle.
33
Shaw v. Reno
No racial gerrymandering.
34
Constitutional Requirements for President
Natural-born citizen, 35 years old, 14 years residency.
35
Federalist No. 70
Argues for a single, energetic executive.
36
22nd Amendment
Limits the president to two terms.
37
25th Amendment
Presidential succession and disability.
38
Informal Sources of Power
Use of media, executive orders, etc.
39
Role of Vice President
President of the Senate, next in line for presidency.
40
Executive Office of the President
President's key advisors and agencies.
41
Closest Advisors
Chief of staff, senior advisors.
42
White House Press Secretary
Spokesperson for the president.
43
Office of Management and Budget
Prepares the president's budget.
44
Council of Economic Advisors
Advises on economic policy.
45
President's Cabinet
Heads of major executive departments.
46
State of the Union
Annual address to Congress.
47
Bully Pulpit
President uses media to influence public opinion.
48
Mandate of the People
President's claim of broad public support.
49
Presidential Veto
Power to reject a bill.
50
Line Item Veto
Veto parts of a bill (unconstitutional).
51
Appointment Process
Nominating and confirming officials.
52
Executive Order
Directives from the president.
53
Executive Agreement
Agreements with other countries without Senate approval.
54
Executive Privilege
Withholding information from Congress or courts.
55
Signing Statements
President's comments on a bill.
56
US v. Nixon
Limits on executive privilege.
57
Impeachment
Charging a public official with misconduct.
58
Federalist No. 78
Argues for an independent judiciary.
59
Marbury v. Madison
Established judicial review.
60
Original Jurisdiction
Court's power to hear a case first.
61
Appellate Jurisdiction
Court's power to review decisions from lower courts.
62
Original Intent
Interpret the Constitution as originally intended.
63
Court Structure
District, appellate, and Supreme courts.
64
Rule of Four
Four Supreme Court justices must agree to hear a case.
65
Writ of Certiorari
Order for lower courts to send records to Supreme Court.
66
Oral Arguments
Lawyers present their case to the Supreme Court.
67
Amicus Curiae Brief
Third party briefs to influence a court's decision.
68
Judicial Conference
Private meeting of Supreme Court justices.
69
Majority Decision
Opinion agreed by the majority of justices.
70
Concurring Decision
Agrees with the majority but for different reasons.
71
Minority/Dissenting Decision
Disagrees with the majority opinion.
72
Stare Decisis
Let previous decisions stand.
73
Judicial Activism
Judges interpret the Constitution based on current conditions.
74
Judicial Restraint
Judges limit their own power.
75
Conservative Activist
Judges interpret Constitution strictly.
76
Constitutional Basis of Bureaucracy
Established by the Constitution.
77
Organization of Bureaucracy
Hierarchical agencies that implement policy.
78
Independent Regulatory Agencies
FTC, FDA, FCC, OSHA, EPA, CPSC, FEC.
79
Government Corporations
Amtrak, FDIC, TVA, Postal Service.
80
Independent Executive Agencies
CIA, GSA, NASA.
81
Relationship to Other Branches
Bureaucracy implements laws; limited by Congress and courts.
82
Iron Triangle
Relationship between Congress, agencies, and interest groups.
83
Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)
Ended spoils system, began merit-based hiring.
84
Hatch Act (1939)
Limits political activities of federal employees.
85
Discretionary Authority
Agencies make decisions in areas not spelled out by laws.
86
Regulatory Authority
Agencies make rules that have the force of law.

Spanish 3 (8 decks)

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