Connective and Epithelial Tissue Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Simple Squamous - what does it do?
A
filtration and diffusion.
very thin layer of flat cells.
not protective
2
Q
Simple Cuboidal - what does it do?
A
can transport through bloodstream.
secretes and absorbs.
not protective.
3
Q
Simple Columnar - what does it do?
A
can be non-ciliated with microvilli, or ciliated.
secretes, moves (with mucous membrane), absorption
4
Q
Pseudostratified Columnar - what does it do?
A
secretion and absorption
5
Q
Stratified Squamous - what does it do?
A
protects against abrasion, water loss, UV, infection
6
Q
Stratified Cuboidal - what does it do?
A
protection - only about 2 layers thick
7
Q
Stratified Columnar - what does it do?
A
protection, secretion
very uncommon, but an be found in urethra and gland ducts
8
Q
Transitional epithelial tissue - what does it do?
A
variety of cell shapes, tissue stretches and the cell changes shape as well
9
Q
What is the basement membrane?
A
Thin extracellular layer, attachment for epithelium
10
Q
Apical
A
Top layer
11
Q
Lateral
A
Inbetween layer of skin
12
Q
Basal
A
Bottom layer of skin
13
Q
What does epithelial tissue do?
A
Covers the body
Ex) skin
14
Q
What does connective tissue do?
A
Provides support and protection
Ex) bones, cartilage, blood
15
Q
What does nervous tissue do?
A
Electrical signals, excitable
16
Q
What does muscle tissue do?
A
Can contract, excitable, can shorten or change in length
17
Q
What does ECM stand for?
A
Extracellular Matrix
18
Q
Where would you find simple squamous cells in the epithelial tissue?
A
Cardiovascular/lymphatic vessels
Lung air sacs
Kidney glomerul
19
Q
Where would you find simple cuboidal cells in the epithelial tissue?
A
Kidney tubules
Small gland ducts
20
Q
Where would you find simple columnar cells in the epithelial tissue?
A
Gastrointestinal tract
Bronchioles (ciliated)
Uterine tubes/uterus (ciliated)
21
Q
Where would you find pseudo stratified columnar cells in the epithelial tissue?
A
Bronchi
Trachea
Upper respiratory tract
Male urethra
22
Q
Where would you find stratified squamous cells in the epithelial tissues?
A
Skin (keratinized)
Mouth/esophagus
Vagina
Tongue
23
Q
Where would you find stratified cuboidal in the epithelial tissue?
A
Uncommon tissue
Can be found in urethra and gland ducts
24
Q
Where would you find the transitional epithelial cells in the epithelial tissues?
A
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Ureters
25
What is the glandular epithelium?
Structure that secretes substances
into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood stream
Is a single cell or larger structure
26
What are the two different types of glands?
Endocrine and Exocrine
27
Where does the endocrine gland enter?
Directly into the bloodstream
No ducts
Produces hormones
28
Where does the exocrine gland enter?
Empties into ducts then to surface of the tissue
29
What do goblet cells do?
Secrete mucus
30
What are different types of exocrine glands?
Merocrine glands
Apocrine glands
Holocrine glands
31
What does the merocrine gland do?
Secretes through exocytosis
32
What does the apocrine gland do?
Releases the apical portion of the cell
Used by mammary glands
33
What does the holocrine gland do?
Ruptures the whole cell
34
What are general characteristics of connective tissue?
Large amounts of ECM relative to cells
Highly variable in structure (ECM)
Blood vessels/nerve endings in SOME types
35
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Connects and supports
Insulates and protects
Transport
Energy reserves
36
What are the connective tissue cells?
Fibroblasts, chondrocytes
37
What are the 3 protein fibers/
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
38
What is ground substance?
Between cells and fibers
Usually secreted by fibroblasts
Complex polysaccharides/protein molecules
39
What are the two types of proper connective tissue?
Loose
Dense
40
What are the two types of supportive tissue?
Bone
Cartilage
41
What does the areolar connective tissue do and where do you find it?
What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?
It packs
You can find it anywhere
Fibroblasts, all fibers are in this tissue
42
What does the adipose connective tissue do and where do you find it?
What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?
Storage and heat
Lymph nodes and liver
Adipocytes, no fibers
43
What does the reticular connective tissue do and where do you find it?
What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?
Framework
Lymph node organs and liver
Reticular cells, reticular fibers
44
What does the dense regular tissue do and where do you find it?
What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?
Attachment
Tendons and ligaments
Fibroblasts, collagen fibers
45
What does the dense irregular tissue do and where do you find it?
What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?
Tensile Strength
Dermis, around organs, artery walls
Fibroblasts, collagen fibers
46
What does dense elastic tissue do and where do you find it? What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?
Strengthening
Lungs and arteries
Fibroblasts, elastic fibers
47
What kind of cells do all cartilage tissue have?
Chondrocytes in lacunae
48
What is the function for all cartilage tissue?
Stress/resilience
Support
49
What kind of cartilage has short dispersed chains of collagen fibers
Hyaline
50
What kind of cartilage has elastic fibers
Elastic cartilage
51
What kind of cartilage has thick collagen
Fibro-cartilage
52
Where can you find hyaline cartilage
Ends of bones
Nose
Trachea
53
Where can you find elastic cartilage
Ear
Epiglottis
54
Where can you find fibro cartilage
Knee
Vertebrae
55
What kind of cells are in Bone?
Osteocytes in lacunae
56
What kind of cells can you find in blood? What is the function of blood?
Erythrocytes and Leukocytes
The function of blood is oxygen transport and immunity
57
What kind of cell can you find in the lymph? What is the function of lymph?
Lymphocytes
The function of lymph is immunity
58
What is membrane?
Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover/line the body
59
What are the two types of membranes?
Connective tissue membrane
Epithelial membrane
60
What is the name of the connective tissue membrane?
Synovial membrane
61
What is the name of the epithelial membranes? (3)
Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Cutaneous membrane
62
What does the synovial membrane do?
Line cavities of freely moving joints (synovial joints)
Cavity full of hylarunonan and synovial fluid for lubrication.
63
What does the mucous membrane do?
Lines cavities that open to the exterior
Coated with mucus secretions
Supported by underlying lamina propria
64
What does the serous membrane do?
Lines cavities closed to the interior
Coated with serous fluid for lubrication
65
What does the cutaneous membrane do?
Lines body surface. (Skin)
66
What id the largest organ system in the body?
Integumentary system
67
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Protection
Sensation
Thermoregulation
Vitamin D Production
68
What are some components of the integumentary system?
Skin (Epidermis, Dermis)
Hypodermis
Accessory structures
69
What is the epidermis, what are it's functions
What kind of cells does this have?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
It's function is protection
It has keratinocytes
70
What is the stratum basale?
What are some of the cells it contains?
Attached to the basal lamina
This contains simple cuboidal basal cells
71
What are merkel cells?
Touch receptor cells in the stratum basale
72
What are melanocytes? (cell)
Produces melanin pigment
UV protection
73
What is the stratum spinosum?
8-10 layers of dividing keratinocytes
Intraepidermal macrophages
74
What is the stratum granulosome?
3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes
Flatten as they migrate up
Cells begin to die, organelles deteriorate
75
What is filled back into the empty space left by the cells that flattened and died?
Lamellar Granules - secrete water, repelling sealant to fill space between cells
76
What is the stratum lucid?
4 to 6 layers of flat, clear keratinocytes
**THICK SKIN ONLY**
77
What is the stratum corneum?
Completely dead, flat keratinocytes
15 to 30 layers
78
How many layers does the dermis have
5
79
What does the reticular layer consist of?
Dense irregular connective tissue
Accessory structures
Highly vascular, many sensory structures
80
What does the hypodermic/subcutaneous layer consist of?
Areolar and adipose tissues
Fat storage, insulation, cushion
81
What color is eumelanin
Brown/black
82
What color is pheomelanin
Yellow/red
83
What is hemoglobin
Red blood cell pigment
84
What is carotene
Yellow/orange pigment
85
What is an accessory structure
Hair
Glands
86
What is the Hair function?
Protection (UV, abrasion), insulation, sensation
87
What is the nails function?
Manipulating, grasping, counter pressure to fingers, protect distal region of digits
88
What is the lunula?
Thick layer of epithelium
89
What is the eponychium?
Cuticle
90
What is the hyponychium?
Underneath nail, where it attaches to the nail bed
91
What are the 2 types of sebaceous glands?
Eccrine
Apocrine
92
What does the eccrine gland do?
More common gland, smaller, ducts open onto skin
Help with thermoregulation
93
What does the apocrine gland do?
Larger, lipid-rich secretion, duct open to hair follicle, activated at puberty
94
What are the two layers of skin affiliated with sensation?
Epidermis (Stratum basale)
Dermis
95
Epidermis
Tactile epithelial cells
96
Dermis
Tactile corpuscle (touch)
Free nerve endings (itch, tickle, pain, sensory)
97
Subcutaneous
Lamellated corpuscles (vibration)
98
What is one of the main Diseases and Disorders within the skin
Skin Cancers
99
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common
100
Squamous cell carcinoma
More aggressive
101
Melanoma
Most fatal, can develop from moles
102
What is acne?
Clogged hair follicles
103
What does the endocrine system do?
Controls body activities through the release of hormones from endocrine glands
104
What are the 5 endocrine glands?
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal
105
What are some other hormone secreting organs?
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
106
What are two kinds of hormones
Lipid soluble
Hydrophilic/polar
107
How do lipid soluble molecules enter the cell
Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
108
What do the lipid soluble molecules bind to after entering the cell
They bond directly into the cytosol or nucleus
109
How to water soluble molecules enter the cell
They begin with a signaling cascade
110
What does the hydrophobic molecule bond to to enter the cell
They bind to the receptor at the cell surface
111
Where is the hypothalamus
Sits below the thalamus in the brain
112
What two systems does the hypothalamus link
The nervous and endocrine systems
113
What gland is the "master regulator" for the endocrine system
Pituitary
114
What two types of hormones does the pituitary gland have
Releasing hormones
Inhibiting hormones
115
What connection does the hypothalamus have to the pituitary gland
It tells the pituitary gland what hormones to make
116
How many different hormones does the pituitary gland make?
7
117
Where is the human growth hormone from and what does it do
It is found in the pituitary gland and it signals to other tissues to secrete growth factors
118
What are the said growth factors for human growth hormones?
Stimulating protein synthesis
Tissue building
Multiplying cells for growth and repair
Enhance lypolysis
119
What is lypolysis?
The break down of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids
120
Where do you find the thyroid stimulating hormone?
In the pituitary gland
121
What is the ACTH
The adrenocorticotrophic hormone
122
What does the ACTH do?
It increases hormone production by adrenal cortex
This is a response to stress
123
What kind of hormone is the gonadotrophin hormone?
A sex hormone
124
What are the two kinds of gonadotrophin hormones?
Follicle-stimulating hormones
Lutenizing hormones
125
What do the follicle-stimulating hormones do
They promote follicle development (ovary), and sperm production (testes)
126
What do the luteinizing hormones do?
They promote ovulation (ovaries), and testosterone production (testes)
127
What does the hormone prolactin promote
It initiates milk production in the mammary glands
Activation occurs with pregnancy
128
What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary gland make?
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone
129
What does oxytocin do?
Targets uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands
130
What does antidiuretic hormone do?
Decreases urine production, sweating and constricts blood vessels
131
What are the two thyroid follicles
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
132
What is the thyroid parafollicular cells?
Calcitonin
133
What are the effects of the two thyroid follicles
Increases basal metabolic rate, increases body temperature, increases growth and heart rate
134
What are the effects of calcitonin
Calcium regulation, tones down the production of calcium.
135
Where is the parathyroid?
Embedded into the posterior thyroid
136
What hormone is in the parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone
137
What are the effects of parathyroid hormone?
Regulates blood ion levels/activates production of calcium when it is low
138
What is the term antigonistic
Opposite effects on the same process
139
What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
140
What hormones does the adrenal cortex posses?
Mineralocorticoids (regulate mineral levels)
Glucocorticoids (regulate glucose metabolism)
141
What hormone does the adrenal medulla posses?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Both intensify sympathetic nervous system responses
142
What kind of hormone does the pancreas possess?
Pancreatic islets
143
What two kinds of cells do the pancreatic islets have?
Alpha cells
Beta cells
144
What do the alpha cells do?
Raise blood glucose levels during hypoglycemia
145
What do the beta cells do?
Lower blood glucose levels during hyperglycemia
146
Where is the pineal gland found?
In the brain
147
What hormone does the pineal gland possess?
Melatonin
