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A&P 1 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

connect and protect

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2
Q

Fluid connective tissues

A

transport

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3
Q

Supporting connective tissues

A

structural strength

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4
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

-More ground substance, fewer fibers
-For example, fat (adipose tissue)

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5
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Connective tissues proper, tightly packed with high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers

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6
Q

Ground Substance

A

-Is clear, colorless, and viscous
-Fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement

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7
Q

White Fat

A

-Most common
-Stores fat
-Absorbs shocks
-Slows heat loss (insulation)

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8
Q

Brown Fat

A

-More vascularized
-Adipocytes have many mitochondria
-When stimulated by nervous system, fat breakdown accelerates, releasing energy
-Absorbs energy from surrounding tissues

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9
Q

Reticular Tissue

A

-Provides support
-Complex, three-dimensional network
-Supportive fibers (stroma)
->Support functional cells (parenchyma)
-Reticular organs
->Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

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10
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers
- Tendons attach muscles to bones
-Ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilize organs
- Aponeuroses attach in sheets to large, flat muscles

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11
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Interwoven networks of collagen fibers
-Layered in skin
-Around cartilages (perichondrium)
-Around bones (periosteum)
-Form capsules around some organs (e.g., liver, kidneys)

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12
Q

Elastic Tissue

A

Made of elastic fibers
-For example, elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae

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13
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Mucous membranes are coated with the secretions of mucous glands. These membranes line most of the digestive and respiratory tracts and portion of the urinary and reproductive tracts.
The epithelial surfaces of these passageways must be kept moist to reduce friction and, in many cases, to facilitate absorption or secretion.
The areolar tissue (connective type of tissue) component of a mucous membrane is called the lamina propria.

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14
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Serous membranes line the sealed, internal cavities of the trunk - cavities that are not open to the exterior. These membranes consist of a mesothelium supported by areolar tissue. Serous membranes are very thin, but they are firmly attached to the body wall and to the organs they cover.
The primary function of any serous membrane is to minimize friction between the surfaces that it covers. It has a fluid transudate that does so.
Each serous membrane can be divided into a parietal portion, which lines the inner surface of the cavity, and an opposing visceral portion, or serosa, which covers the outer surfaces of visceral organs.

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15
Q

Types of Serous Membranes

A
  1. Pleura - lines pleural cavities; covers the lungs
  2. Peritoneum - lines peritoneal cavity; covers abdominal organs
  3. Pericardium - lines pericardial cavity; covers heart
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16
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Cutaneous Membrane is the skin that covers the surface of your body. In contrast to serous and mucous membranes, the cutaneous membrane is thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry.

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17
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Synovial membranes line moving articular joint cavities, where two bones meet. This membrane produces synovial fluid (lubricant), its purpose is to allow the surfaces to easily slide past one another. Synovial membranes also protect the ends of the bones so that the bone itself doesn’t have excessive wear and tear where the two bones are constantly bending and sliding past one another. This membrane also lacks a true epithelium because its epithelium is not continuous meaning there are gaps where cells are not contacting each other.

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18
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A

Specialized cells; Solid extracellular protein fibers; and fluid extracellular ground substance

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19
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A
  • Establishing a structural framework for the body
    -Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
    -Protecting delicate organs
    -Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue
    -Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of triglycerides
    -Defending the body from invading microorganisms
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20
Q

Fibroblasts

A

The most abundant cell type. Found in all connective tissue proper. They secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular content)

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21
Q

Fibrocytes

A

The second most abundant cell type. Found in all connective tissue proper. Maintains the fibers of connective tissue proper

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22
Q

Adipocytes

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A

Fat cells. Each cell stores a single, large fat droplet.

23
Q

Mesenchymal Cells

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A

Stem cells that are present in many connective tissues. These cells respond to local injury or infection by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.

24
Q

Macrophages

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A

Large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system. They eat pathogens and damaged cells. Fixed macrophages stay in tissue. Free macrophages migrate

25
Mast Cells
Histamine and Heparin, released after injury or infection, stimulates local inflammation. Basophils are leukocytes (white blood cells) that also contain histamine and heparin.
26
Lymphocytes
Specialized immune cells in lymphatic (lymphoid) system. For example, lymphocytes may develop into plasma cells (plasmocytes) that produce antibodies.
27
Microphages
Phagocytic blood cells. Respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells. For example, neutrophils and eosinophils.
28
Melanocytes
Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin
29
Embryonic Connective Tissue
Are not found in adults. Mesenchyme is the first connective tissue to appear in developing embryo. Mesenchyme gives rise to all other connective tissues. Mucous connective tissue is a loose connective tissue found in many parts of the embryo, including the umbilical cord.
30
Areolar Tissue
-Least specialized -Open framework -Viscous ground substance -Areolar tissue can distort without damage because its fibers are loosely organized. Elastic fibers make it resilient, so areolar tissue returns to its original shape after external pressure is relieved. -Holds blood vessels and capillary beds. For example, under skin (subcutaneous layer)
31
Adipose Tissue
-Contains many adipocytes (fat cells) -Two type of adipose tissue: White fat and Brown fat
32
Fluid Connective Tissue
-Blood and lymph -Watery matrix of dissolved proteins -Carry specific cell types (formed elements). Formed elements of blood: Red blood cells (erythrocytes); white blood cells (leukocytes); platelets
33
Lymph (Extracellular fluid)
-Collected from interstitial space -Monitored by immune system -Transported by lymphatic (lymphoid) system -Returned to venous system
34
Fluid Tissue Transport Systems
Cardiovascular system: arteries; capillaries; veins Lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels
35
Cartilage
a firm gel that contains polysaccharides derivatives called chondroitin sulfates. Chondroitin sulfates form complexed with proteins in the ground substance, producing proteoglycans. Cartilage cells, or chondrocytes, are the only cells in the matrix. They occupy small chambers known as lacunae
36
Bone
-Calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals) -For weight support
37
Hyaline Cartilage
-Stiff, flexible support -Reduces friction between bones -Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea
38
Elastic Cartilage
-Supportive but bends easily -Found in external ear and epiglottis
39
Connective Tissues (Internal Framework of the Body)
1. Provide strength and stability 2. Maintain positions of internal organs 3. Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
40
Faciae
-Singular form = fascia -The body's framework of connective tissue -Layers and wrappings that support and surround the organ
41
Superficial Fascia
refers to the subcutaneous layer. The layer of areolar and adipose tissue separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs. It also provides insulation and padding, and lets the skin and underlying structures move independently
42
Deep Fascia
consists of sheets of dense regular connective tissue. The tough capsules that surround most organs, including the kidneys and the organs enclosed by the thoracic and peritoneal cavities, are bound to this fascia layer.
43
Subserous Fascia
a layer of areolar tissue that lies between the deep fascia and the serous membranes that line true body cavities. Because this layer separates the serous membranes from the deep fascia, movements of muscles or muscular organs do not severely distort the delicate body cavity linings.
44
Muscle Tissue
Specialized for contraction Produces all body movement
45
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Large body muscles responsible for movement
46
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Found only in the heart
47
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood vessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts)
48
Skeletal Muscle Cells
Long and thin Usually called muscle fibers Do not divide New fibers are produced by stem cells (myosatellite cells)
49
Cardiac Muscle Cells
Called cardiocytes Form branching networks connected at intercalated discs Regulated by pacemaker
50
Smooth Muscles Cells
Small and tapered Can divide and regenerate
51
Neural Tissue
Also called nervous or nerve tissue -Specialized for conducting electrical impulses -Rapidly senses internal or external environment -Processes information and controls responses Neural tissue is concentrated in the central nervous system -Brain -Spinal Cord
52
Types of Neuron Cells
1. Neurons -Nerve cells -Perform electrical communication 2. Neuroglia -Supporting cells -Repair and supply nutrients to neurons
53
Cell Parts of a Neuron
Cell Body -Contains the nucleus and nucleolus Dendrites -Short branches extending from the cell body -Receive incoming signals Axon (nerve fiber) -Long, thin extension of the cell body -Carries outgoing electrical signal to their destination

A&P 1 (3 decks)

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