CONNECTIVE TISSUE Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary role of connective tissue in the body?
A
Providing structural support
2
Q
Which component of connective tissue is primarily responsible for structural support and nutrient diffusion?
A
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
3
Q
Which type of connective tissue cell is responsible for storing energy?
A
Adipocytes
4
Q
These Are lymphocyte-derived, antibody-producing cells. Large, ovoid cells, with basophilic cytoplasm rich in RER and a large Golgi apparatus near the nucleus.
A
Plasma Cells
5
Q
Which type of collagen is the most prevalent in the human body?
A
Type I Collagen
6
Q
Which of the following statements best describes the primary composition of reticular fibers?
a) Type I collagen
b) Type II collagen
c) Type III collagen
d) Type IV collagen
A
c) Type III collagen
7
Q
These are Thinner than type I collagen fibers and form sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles by many organs.
A
Elastic fibers
8
Q
Which is NOT a classification of the connective tissue proper?
a) Loose connective tissue
b) Reticular Tissue
c) Dense irregular connective tissue
d) Dense regular connective tissue
A
b) Reticular Tissue
9
Q
These Are oval or irregularly shaped cells of connective tissue, between 7 and 20 um in diameter.
Filled with basophilic secretory granules.
A
Mast Cells
10
Q
This Consists of delicate networks of type Ill collagen and is most abundant in certain lymphoid organs where the fibers form attachment sites for lymphocytes and other immune cells.
A
Reticular tissue
11
Q
______ tissue supports and protects organs.
A
Connective
12
Q
This is the FUNDAMENTAL SUPPORT STRUCTURE.
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
13
Q
This HOLDS ORGANS AND TISSUES TOGETHER AND FACILITATES THEIR FUNCTIONS.
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
14
Q
THIS SERVES AS FRAMEWORK FOR ORGANS AND TISSUES.
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
15
Q
It CUSHIONS ORGANS FROM INJURY.
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
16
Q
IMMUNE CELLS WITHIN the connective tissue HELP PROTECT BODY FROM ______.
A
PATHOGENS
17
Q
This ALLOWS FOR THE DIFFUSION OF NUTRIENTS AND WASTE PRODUCTS BETWEEN BLOOD VESSELS AND CELLS.
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
18
Q
______ TISSUE STORES ENERGY AS FAT.
A
ADIPOSE
19
Q
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
______ TISSUE
- AREOLAR, RETICULAR, AND ADIPOSE TISSUES
- LOOSE ARRANGEMENT OF FIBERS
- HIGH PROPORTION OF GROUND SUBSTANCE.
A
LOOSE CONNECTIVE
20
Q
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
______ TISSUE
- TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, DERMIS
- HIGHER DENSITY OF FIBERS
- ARRANGED REGULARLY (TENDONS, LIGAMENTS) OR IRREGULARLY (DERMIS).
A
DENSE CONNECTIVE
21
Q
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
______ TISSUE
- CARTILAGE, BONE, BLOOD, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE.
A
SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE
22
Q
UNLIKE THE OTHER TISSUE TYPES (EPITHELIUM, MUSCLE, AND NERVE), WHICH CONSIST MAINLY OF CELLS, ______ IS THE PRIMARY COMPONENT OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
A
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM)
23
Q
This is A GEL-LIKE MATERIAL CONTAINING PROTEOGLYCANS, GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGS), AND GLYCOPROTEINS.
A
GROUND SUBSTANCE
24
Q
This FILLS THE SPACES BETWEEN CELLS IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE. CELLS USE IT FOR SUPPORT, WATER STORAGE, BINDING, AND A MEDIUM FOR INTERCELLULAR EXCHANGE.
A
GROUND SUBSTANCE
25
PROTEIN FIBERS of ECM:
RETICULAR FIBERS
ELASTIC FIBERS
COLLAGEN FIBERS
26
PROTEIN FIBERS
______ FIBERS - SUPPORT
RETICULAR
27
PROTEIN FIBERS
______ FIBERS - STRETCH AND RECOIL
ELASTIC
28
PROTEIN FIBERS
______ FIBERS - STRENGTH
COLLAGEN
29
All connective tissues originate from ______, a tissue developing mainly from the middle layer of the embryo, the ______.
embryonic mesenchyme, mesoderm
30
This contains uniformly undifferentiated cells scattered in a gel-like matrix.
MESODERM
31
These are "Spindle-shaped,” with their scant cytoplasm extended as two or more thin cytoplasmic processes.
MESENCHYMAL CELLS
32
As the body develops, these ______ cells can turn into all types of connective tissues.
mesenchymal
33
These are Primary cells in connective tissue, responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix (ECM) by synthesizing and secreting collagen and elastin fibers, as well as proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and glycoproteins.
FIBROBLAST
34
They originate from mesenchymal cells and are permanent residents of connective tissue.
FIBROBLAST
35
______ play a crucial role in wound healing, producing ECM to fill the gap and facilitate tissue repair.
Fibroblasts
36
______ are specialized cells that are similar to fibroblasts but with contractile properties. They contribute to wound contraction and closure.
Myofibroblasts
37
FIBROBLASTS CAN EXIST IN TWO STATES:
ACTIVE CELL OR “FIBROBLAST”
QUIESCENT CELL OR “FIBROCYTE”
38
FIBROBLASTS CAN EXIST IN TWO STATES
______ CELL OR “______”
- MORE ABUNDANT AND IRREGULARLY BRANCHED CYTOPLASM
- ROUGHER ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
- WELL DEVELOPED GOLGI APPARATUS
- LARGE, OVOID, EUCHROMATIC NUCLEUS
- PROMINENT NUCLEOLUS.
ACTIVE, FIBROBLAST
39
FIBROBLASTS CAN EXIST IN TWO STATES
______ CELL OR “______”
- SMALLER THAN THE OTHER USUALLY
- SPINDLE-SHAPED
- WITH FEWER PROCESSES
- MUCH LESS RER
- DARKER, MORE HETEROCHROMATIC NUCLEUS.
QUIESCENT, FIBROCYTE
40
______ are fat cells that store energy in the form of neutral fats. They are found in adipose connective tissue, which provides cushioning and insulation.
Adipocytes
41
______ also play a role in metabolism and have significant medical implications.
Adipocytes
42
MACROPHAGES, PLASMA CELLS, AND MAST CELLS, ORIGINATE FROM HEMATOPOIETIC ______ CELLS IN BONE MARROW, CIRCULATE IN THE BLOOD, AND THEN MOVE INTO CONNECTIVE TISSUE WHERE THEY FUNCTION.
IN CONTRAST WITH FIBROBLASTS THAT ORIGINATE LOCALLY FROM ______ CELLS.
STEM, MESENCHYMAL
43
______ are specialized immune cells that play crucial roles in tissue maintenance and defense.
Macrophages
44
They are derived from monocytes and are characterized by their ability to engulf and digest foreign particles, dead cells, and debris.
MACROPHAGES
45
This is a FAMILY OF CELLS COMPRISING BONE MARROW PROGENITORS, BLOOD MONOCYTES AND TISSUE MACROPHAGES.
MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM (MPS)
46
______ ARE A KEY PART OF THE MPS. THEY ARE SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT ENGULF AND DESTROY FOREIGN PARTICLES, SUCH AS BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND CELLULAR DEBRIS. THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS ______. THEY ARE ALSO PART OF PART OF BOTH INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, ACTING AS ______.
MACROPHAGES, PHAGOCYTOSIS, ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS (APC)
47
These are Are oval or irregularly shaped cells, components of loose connective tissue, between 7 and 20 μm in diameter.
MAST CELLS
48
These are Filled with basophilic secretory granules.
MAST CELLS
49
Mast cell granules display ______, so, they can change the color from blue to purple or red.
metachromasia
50
Mast cells are present in the connective tissue of many organs, mostly near blood vessels and, in mesenteries (______ mast cells) and, in the tissue that lines digestive and respiratory tracts (______ mast cells).
perivascular, mucosal
51
This Functions in the localized release of bioactive substances important for inflammation, innate immunity, and tissue repair.
MAST CELL
52
Immediate ______ reactions are triggered with release of chemical mediators from mast cells triggers occurring within minutes of antigen exposure in sensitized individuals.
hypersensitivity
53
The first exposure to an allergen, like bee venom, causes ______ production, which binds to mast cells.
IgE
54
MAST CELL
The ______ triggers the release of histamine, leukotrienes, chemokines, and heparin, leading to a rapid allergic reaction.
allergen
55
These Are lymphocyte-derived, antibody-producing cells. Large, ovoid cells, with basophilic cytoplasm rich in RER and a large pale Golgi apparatus near the nucleus.
PLASMA CELLS
56
PLASMA CELLS
The round nuclei frequently show peripheral clumps of ______ alternating with lighter areas of ______.
heterochromatin, euchromatin
57
Plasma cells are found in most connective tissues and have an average lifespan of ______ days.
10-20
58
______ cells, derived from B lymphocytes, produce immunoglobulin antibodies specific to the antigen that stimulated the B cell clone.
This antibody-antigen reaction usually neutralizes harmful effects, such as toxins like tetanus and diphtheria. The resulting antigen-antibody complexes are quickly removed from tissues through ______.
Plasma, phagocytosis
59
______ or other ______ blood cells, are wandering cells in connective tissue, originating from circulating blood cells. They migrate through venule endothelium into connective tissue, a process that intensifies during inflammation.
Leukocytes, white
60
______ starts with the release of chemical mediators from cells, the ECM, and blood plasma proteins. These mediators affect blood vessels, mast cells, macrophages, and other cells. Key inflammatory events include increased blood flow, vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, and macrophage activation.
Inflammation
61
Vascular permeability increases due to vasoactive substances like ______ from mast cells during inflammation.
histamine
62
Classic signs of ______ include redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
inflammation
63
______, the attraction of specific cells by specific molecules, draws more leukocytes into the inflamed area.
Chemotaxis
64
FIBERS:
COLLAGEN
RETICULAR
ELASTIC FIBERS
65
The fibers are made from proteins that are released by cells called ______ and then combine to form long, thread-like structures.
fibroblasts
66
FIBERS from The same Collagen family:
COLLAGEN
RETICULAR
67
fibers from elastin:
ELASTIC FIBERS
68
FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS:
COLLAGEN I, II, III,V, AND XI
69
NETWORK OR SHEET-FORMING COLLAGENS:
TYPE IV AND X
70
LINKING/ANCHORING COLLAGENS:
TYPE VII,IX, XII, AND XIV
71
TYPES OF COLLAGEN:
FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS
NETWORK OR SHEET-FORMING COLLAGENS
LINKING/ANCHORING COLLAGENS
72
WHAT COLLAGEN?
These form large fibrils visible under a microscope and are abundant in tissues like tendons, organ capsules, and the dermis.
FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS
73
WHAT COLLAGEN?
such as type IV collagen have subunits produced by epithelial cells and are major structural proteins of external laminae and all epithelial basal laminae.
NETWORK OR SHEET-FORMING COLLAGENS
74
WHAT COLLAGEN?
Short collagens that link fibrillar collagens to one another (forming larger fibers) and to other components of the ECM. Type VII collagen binds type IV collagen and anchors the basal lamina to the underlying reticular lamina in basement membranes
LINKING/ANCHORING COLLAGENS
75
A ______ is a type of scar that becomes larger than normal because too much collagen is produced
during the healing process.
keloid
76
These are thinner than the type I collagen fibers and form sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles in many organs.
ELASTIC FIBERS
77
They have rubberlike properties that allow tissue containing these fibers, such as the stroma of the lungs, to be stretched or distended and return to their original shape.
ELASTIC FIBERS
78
______ - where elastin also occurs as fenestrated sheets
elastic lamellae
79
Elastic fibers (and lamellae) are a composite of ______ (350 kDa) which forms a network of ______, embedded in a larger mass of ______ (60 kDa).
fibrillin, microfibrils, cross-linked elastin
80
These are secreted from fibroblasts (and smooth muscle cells in vascular walls).
ELASTIC FIBERS
81
The ______ act as scaffolding upon which elastin is then deposited.
microfibrils
82
______ accumulates around the microfibrils, eventually making up most of the elastic fiber, and is responsible for the rubberlike property.
Elastin
83
ELASTIC FIBERS
______ properties result from the structure of the elastin subunits and the unique cross- links holding them together.
elastic
84
Bound firmly by many ______ rings, but maintaining the rubberlike properties of their hydrophobic domains, elastic fibers stretch reversibly when force is applied
desmosine
85
ELASTIC FIBERS
Elastin resists digestion by most proteases, but it is hydrolyzed by pancreatic ______.
ELASTASE
86
SMALL PIECE OF AN ELASTIC FIBER, IN TWO CONFORMATIONS. ______, THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ELASTIC FIBERS, HAVE MULTIPLE RANDOM-COIL DOMAINS THAT STRAIGHTEN OR STRETCH UNDER FORCE, AND THEN RELAX. MOST OF THE CROSS-LINKS BETWEEN ELASTIN SUBUNITS CONSIST OF THE COVALENT, ______, EACH OF WHICH INVOLVES FOUR CONVERTED LYSINES IN TWO ELASTIN MOLECULES. THIS UNUSUAL TYPE OF PROTEIN CROSS-LINK HOLDS THE AGGREGATE TOGETHER WITH LITTLE STERIC HINDRANCE TO ELASTIN MOVEMENTS. THESE PROPERTIES GIVE THE ENTIRE NETWORK ITS ELASTIC QUALITY.
ELASTIN POLYPEPTIDES, CYCLIC STRUCTURE DESMOSINE
87
______ comprise a family of proteins involved in mak ing the scaffolding necessary for the deposition of elastin.
Fibrillins
88
______ syndrome - a disease characterized by a lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic fibers. Because the walls of large arteries are rich in elastic components and because the blood pressure is high in the aorta, patients with this disease often experience aortic swellings called aneurysms, which are life-threatening conditions.
Marfan
89
It is highly hydrated (with much bound water)
■ Transparent
■ complex mixture of three major kinds of macromolecules:
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
proteoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins
GROUND SUBSTANCE
90
It fills the space between cells and fibers in connective tissue, it allows diffusion of small molecules and, because it is viscous, acts as both a lubricant and a barrier to the penetration of invaders.
GROUND SUBSTANCE
91
Physical properties of ______ also profoundly influence various cellular activities.
ground substance
92
These are long polymers of repeating disaccharide units, usually a hexosamine and uronic acid.
GAGs (Mucopolysaccharides)
93
GAGs (Mucopolysaccharides)
Largest and most ubiquitous GAG is ______ (also called ______ or ______ acid).
hyaluronan, hyaluronate, hyaluronic
94
______ (also called ______ or ______ acid)
- molecular weight from 100s to 1000s of kDa,
- very long polymer of the disaccharide glucosamine glucuronate.
- synthesized directly into the ECM by an enzyme complex, ______, located in the cell membrane of many cells.
- forms a viscous, pericellular network that binds a considerable amount of water, giving it an important role in allowing molecular diffusion through connective tissue and in lubricating various organs and joints.
hyaluronan, hyaluronate, hyaluronic, hyaluronan synthase
95
Their high negative charge forces GAGs to an extended conformation and causes them to sequester cations as well as water. These features provide GAGs with space-filling, cushioning, and lubricant functions.
GAGs (Mucopolysaccharides)
96
They consist of a core protein to which are covalently attached various numbers and combinations of the sulfated GAGs.
Proteoglycans
97
they are synthesized on RER, mature in the Golgi apparatus, where the GAG side chains are added, and secreted from cells by exocytosis.
Proteoglycans
98
They have attached GAGs that often comprise a greater mass than the polypeptide core.
Proteoglycans
99
They are distinguished by their diversity, which is generated in part by enzymatic differences in the Golgi complexes.
Proteoglycans
100
The four major GAGs found in proteoglycans: ______ sulfate, ______ sulfates, ______ sulfate, and ______ sulfate
dermatan, chondroitin, keratan, heparan
101
______ is the key proteoglycan in all basal laminae.
Perlecan
102
One of the best-studied proteoglycans, ______, is very large (250 kDa), having a core protein heavily bound with chondroitin and keratan sulfate chains.
Abundant in cartilage, ______ complexes fill the space between collagen fibers and cells and contribute greatly to the physical properties of this tissue.
aggrecan, aggrecan–hyaluronan
103
Proteoglycans
______ is very rich in hyaluronan and water, producing the characteristic wide spacing of cells and a matrix ideal for cell migrations and growth.
Embryonic Mesenchyme
104
In connective tissues, ______ store growth factors. When these tissues are damaged, the ______ break down, releasing the growth factors. These growth factors help new cells grow and repair the damaged tissue.
proteoglycans, proteoglycans
105
______ relies on various cell types and lysosomal enzymes.
Proteoglycan degradation
106
Enzyme deficiencies can cause GAG accumulation, leading to disorders like ______, ______, ______, and ______ syndromes.
Hurler, Hunter, Sanfilippo, Morquio
107
______ and ______ create a barrier against bacteria due to their high viscosity.
______-producing bacteria break down this barrier, increasing invasiveness.
Hyaluronan, proteoglycans, Hyaluronidase
108
This makes up the third major class of ground substance macromolecules.
multiadhesive glycoproteins
109
They all have multiple binding sites for cell surface integrins and for other matrix macromolecules.
multiadhesive glycoproteins
110
These are large molecules with branched oligosaccharide chains and allow adhesion of cells to their substrate.
multiadhesive glycoproteins
111
examples of multiadhesive glycoproteins:
laminin, fibronectin
112
Integrin-microfilament complexes cluster in fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells to form ______.
focal adhesions
113
These adhesive junctions are typically at the ends of actin filaments bundled by α-actinin as cytoplasmic stress fibers, where focal adhesion kinases help transmit ECM forces to regulate cellular activities.
focal adhesions
114
This is the water in the ground substance of connective tissue.
interstitial fluid
115
It has an ion composition similar to that of blood plasma.
interstitial fluid
116
It contains plasma proteins of low molecular weight that pass through the thin walls of the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries.
interstitial fluid
117
______ is the excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in connective tissue. This water comes from the blood, passing through the capillary walls that become more permeable during inflammation and normally produces at least slight swelling.
Edema
118
______ in connective tissue deliver nutrients to cells and remove waste to the liver and kidneys. ______ serves as the solvent for these substances.
Capillaries, Interstitial fluid
119
two main forces act on the water in capillaries:
hydrostatic pressure
colloid osmotic pressure
120
two main forces act on the water in capillaries:
The ______ of the blood caused by the pumping action of the heart, which forces water out across the capillary wall
hydrostatic pressure
121
two main forces act on the water in capillaries:
The ______ produced by plasma proteins such as albumin, which draws water back into the capillaries
colloid osmotic pressure
122
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissue proper
Reticular tissue
Mucoid tissue
123
This is broadly classified as “loose” or “dense,” terms that refer to the amount of collagen present.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
124
______ tissue
- common, forming a layer beneath the epithelial lining of many organs and filling the spaces between fibers of muscle and nerve
- typically contains cells, fibers, and ground substance in roughly equal parts
- has a delicate consistency; it is flexible and not very resistant to stress
Loose connective
125
It has similar components as loose connective tissue, but with fewer cells, mostly fibroblasts, and a clear predominance of bundled type I collagen fibers over ground substance.
Dense connective tissue
126
______ tissue
- here, bundles of collagen fibers appear randomly interwoven, with no definite orientation
- Examples: deep dermis layer of skin and capsules surrounding most organs
Dense irregular connective
127
______ tissue
- consists mostly of type I collagen bundles and fibroblasts aligned in parallel for great resistance to prolonged or repeated stresses from the same direction
- examples:
are the very strong and flexible ______, cords connecting muscles to bones;
______, which are sheetlike tendons; and
______, bands or sheets that hold together components of the skeletal system
Dense regular connective, tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments
128
It is found in the delicate connective tissue of many organs, notably in the immune system, ______ consist mainly of collagen type III, which forms an extensive network (reticulum) of thin (diameter 0.5-2 μm) fibers to support many different cells.
reticular fibers
129
______ fibers are found in the reticular lamina of basement membranes and are often associated with adipocytes, smooth muscle, nerve fibers, and small blood vessels. They are particularly abundant in organs with immune and hematopoietic functions, such as the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, where they support the microvasculature and parenchymal cells.
Reticular
130
Reticular fibers are seldom visible in ______ preparations but are characteristically stained black after impregnation with silver salts and are thus termed argyrophilic (Gr. argyros, silver).
hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
131
Reticular fibers are also ______ positive, which, like argyrophilia, is due to the high content of sugar chains bound to type III collagen α chains. Reticular fibers contain up to ______% carbohydrate as opposed to 1% in most other collagen fibers.
periodic acid–Schiff (PAS), 10
132
______ tissue is characterized by abundant fibers of type III collagen forming a delicate network that supports various types of cells.
Reticular
133
These fibers of type III collagen is also known as ______ and is produced by modified fibroblasts often called ______ cells that remain associated
with and partially cover the fibers.
reticulin, reticular
134
The loose disposition of glycosylated reticular fibers provides a framework with specialized microenvironments for cells in hemopoietic tissue and some ______ organs (bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen).
lymphoid
135
______ (or ______) connective tissue is the principal component of the fetal umbilical cord, where it is referred to as ______.
Mucoid, mucous, Wharton’s jelly
136
It is gelatinous, with sparse collagen fibers and scattered fibroblasts.
MUCOID TISSUE
137
It is also similar to the tissue found in the vitreous chambers of eyes and pulp cavities of young teeth.
MUCOID TISSUE
138
Which cell type is primarily responsible for maintaining the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
139
What is the primary function of macrophages in connective tissue?
Phagocytosis and immune defense
140
What type of protein fiber serves as strength?
Collagen fibers
141
_______ are triggered with release of chemical mediators from mast cells triggers occurring within minutes of antigen exposure in sensitized individuals.
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions
142
What process is responsible for sending procollagen out of the cell?
Exocytosis
143
Reticular fibers are known for their unique staining properties. Which of the following staining methods is commonly used to visualize reticular fibers, highlighting their argyrophilic nature?
Silver impregnation staining
144
They Consist of a core protein to which are covalently attached various numbers and combinations of the sulfated GAGs.
Proteoglycans
145
It is a common connective tissue, forming a layer beneath the epithelial lining of many organs and filling the spaces between fibers of muscle and nerve.
Loose connective tissue
146
Which of the following describes the process that attracts specific cells, such as leukocytes, to an inflamed area?
a) Phagocytosis
b) Vasodilation
c) Chemotaxis
d) Exocytosis
c) Chemotaxis
147
It is a gel-like connective tissue with few cells found most abundantly around blood vessels in the umbilical cord.
Mucoid tissue
148
Defect: Faulty transcription or translation of collagen type Ill
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Туре IV)
149
Defect: Problems with lysine hydroxylation.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Type VI)
150
Defect: Reduced procollagen peptidase activity.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Type VII)
151
Defect: Vitamin C deficiency affecting collagen hydroxylation.
Scurvy
152
Defect: Genetic mutation in collagen type 1.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
153
Symptoms: Patients suffering from vascular EDS are prone to arterial, digestive and obstetrical complications. Risk of aortic and intestinal rupture.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Туре IV)
154
Symptoms: Increased skin elasticity and risk of eyeball rupture.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Type VI)
155
Symptoms: Increased joint mobility and frequent dislocations.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Type VII)
156
Symptoms: Gum ulcers and hemorrhages.
Scurvy
157
Fragile bones and potential cardiac issues.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
158
A partial list of molecules released from these cells' secretory granules includes the following:
Heparin, Histamine, Serine proteases, Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors, Cytokines, Phospholipid
159
______ - a sulfated GAG that acts locally as an anticoagulant
Heparin
160
______ - which promotes increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction
Histamine
161
______ - which activate various mediators of inflammation
Serine proteases
162
______ - which attract those leukocyte
Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors
163
______ - polypeptides directing activities of leukocytes and other cells of the immune system
Cytokines
164
______ - which are converted to prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and other important lipid mediators of the inflammatory response
Phospholipid
