Connective Tissue Flashcards
Unit 2 (103 cards)
1
Q
What is the connective tissue soup made of
A
Cells, fibers, ground substance
2
Q
Fibers/noodles are mojority of the time what
A
Collagen
3
Q
Ground substance is
A
The broth/whatever the cell is making
4
Q
The matrix is composed of
A
Fibers and Ground substance
5
Q
Osteo- is related to what part of the body
A
Bone
6
Q
Cells always start out as
A
MSC
7
Q
Chrondro- is related to what part of the body
A
Cartilage
8
Q
Myo- is related to what part of the body
A
Muscle
9
Q
3 types of connective tissues
A
Loose, dense, specialized
10
Q
3 types of loose connective tissue
A
Areolar, reticular, adipose
11
Q
2 types of dense connective tissue
A
Dense regular, dense irregular
12
Q
3 types of specialized connective tissue
A
Cartilage, bone, blood
13
Q
3 types of cartilage
A
Hyaline, fibrous, elastic
14
Q
2 types of dense regular tissue
A
Ligaments, tendons
15
Q
2 textures of bone
A
Spongey, compact
16
Q
What is the bone destroying cell called
A
Osteoclasts
17
Q
What is the starting cell called for bones
A
Osteoprogenesis
18
Q
What is the bone building cell called
A
Osteoblasts
19
Q
What are the cells called that enbed into the bone
A
Osteocytes
20
Q
Explain the process of cells on the bones
A
The osteoclasts remove the calcium and other minerals off the bone which leaves open fibers, then a group of osteoprogenesis come together to create osteoblasts. The osteoblasts come and repair the bone and add the nutrients back on the bone, the osteoblasts are then buried by the substance and become osteocytes with arms to reach out of the surface of the bone to get nutrients.
21
Q
What are the bulges of a long bone called
A
Epiphysis
22
Q
What is the growth plate or line by the epiphysis called
A
Epiphyseal line
23
Q
What is the middle of the long bone called
A
Diaphysis
24
Q
What is the area between the bulge and growth plate called on a long bone
A
Metaphysis
25
What makes up the ground substance in bone tissue
Hydroxyapitite (hydrox-e-appetite) and calcium carbonate
26
What is the function of loose connective tissue
Provides support and allows for mobility in various body structures
27
Characteristics of loose connective tissue
Contains loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers, with cells like fibroblasts and macrophages scattered throughout
28
Function of reticular connective tissue
Forms a supportive framework for organs like lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
29
Characteristics of reticular connective tissue
Composed of delicate reticular fibers that form a mesh like structure to support various cell types
30
Function of adipose tissue
Stores energy, insulates the body, and cushions organs
31
Characteristics of adipose tissue
Dominated by adipocytes(fat cells) with minimal extracelluar matrix
32
Function of dense connective tissue
Provides strong attachments between structures, such as tendons and ligaments
33
Characteristics of dense connective tissue
Contains densely packed collagen fibers and fibroblasts making it resistant to stretching
34
Function of elastic connective tissue
Allows tissues to recoil after stretching, maintaining their shape
35
Characteristics of elastic connective tissue
Rich in elastic fibers, which provide elasticity and resilience
36
Function of cartilage
Shock absorber and provides support in structures like ears, nose, and joints
37
Characteristics of cartilage
Consists of chondrocytes embedded in a gel like matrix
38
Function of bone
Provides support and protectin of vital organs along with facillitating movement and mineral storage
39
Characteristics of bone
Comprises osteocytes within the calcified matrix
40
Function of blood
Serves as transportation for oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
41
Characteristics of blood
Consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma
42
Fibers in bone are made of
Collagen
43
Cells in bones are called
Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenesis
44
The cartilage on the epiphysis is called
Articular cartilage
45
What is the outer tissue lining on the bone called
Periosteum
46
What is the inner tissue lining on the bone called
Endosteum
47
What is the inside of a long bone called
Medullary cavity
48
What is the area where an ostercyte lives called
Lacuna
49
Label the osteon
50
Where are short bones found
Hand
51
Where are flat bones found
Skull, ribs, sternum, shoulder blade
52
Where are long bones found
Legs and arms
53
Where are irregular bones found
Spinal column
54
Where are seasmoid bones found
Kneecap
55
Explain the Rank Pathway
56
What hormone comes from the thyroid that tells the bone to store calcium
Calcitonin
57
What hormone comes from the parathyroid gland that tells osteoclasts to break down bones
PTH
58
What is the primary function of RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway
Regulation of bone remodeling
59
Which cell type is primarily responsible for producing RANKL
Osteoblasts
60
OPG is short for
Osteoprotegerin
61
What is the role of OPG in the RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway
Inhibits bone resportion
62
RANK is a receptor found primarily on
Osteoclasts
63
When RANKL binds to RANK what is the result
Increased osteoclast activity
64
Which of the following diseases is associated with dysregulation of the RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway, leading to increased bone resportion
Osteoporosis
65
OPG functions as a
Decoy receptor for RANKL
66
What happens when the RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway is imbalanced in favor of RANKL
Increased bone resportion
67
Which medication target RANKL to reduce bone resportion
Prolia
68
What drug tells the osteoclasts to apoptosis(kill themselves)
Fosamax
69
Prolia mimicks the effects of
OPG
70
Which hormone plays a key role in regulating calcium levels and can indirectly influence the RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway
PTH
71
Explain intramembranous ossification
Osteoprogenetors come together in a circle, then turn into osteoblasts and choose one to go in the middle. The one in the middle turn into an osteocyte with a lacuna around it. The osteoblasts then release their matrix which calcifies and turns into bone. The bones then want to connect to other bones so they release spicules to connect to the others. But there are blood vessels in the way so they have to go around them creating the spongy bone look.
72
Explain endochondral ossification
The bone starts as cartilage, then it is wrapped in periosteum and a bone collar is put around the middle. The middle needs nutrients so blood vessels go into them, which creates the primary ossification center in the middle of the bone. It then continues to grow out and create a medullary cavity with compact bone on the sides. Two more ossification centers are built on the epiphysis on the bones in the same way.
73
What is the top zone of the epyphyseal plate
Zone of resting cartilage
74
What is the second zone of the epyphyseal plate
Zone of proliferation
75
What is the third zone of the epyphyseal plate
Zone of hypertrophy
76
What is the fourth zone of the epyphyseal plate
Zone of calcification
77
What is the fifth zone of the epyphyseal plate
Ossified bone
78
What happens in the zone of resting cartilage
Cartilage attaches to the epiphysis
79
What happens in the zone of proliferation
New cartilage is produced and chondrocytes divide and form stacks of cells
80
What happens in the zone of hypertrophy
The chondrocytes grow bigger
81
What happens in the zone of calcification
Matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die
82
What happens in the ossified bone zone
The calcified cartilage turns into bone
83
Yellow marrow makes
Fat
84
Red marrow makes
Red blood cells
85
Explain the vitamin d synthesis pathway
You eat cholesterol and your body breaks it into dehydrocholesterol. Sun hits your skin and turns it into vitamin D3 which is then grabbed by the DBP and brought to the liver. Where its turned into 25(OH)D3 and DBP brings it to the kidneys. Which turns it into 1,25(OH)2D3 and DBP brings it to the rest of the body again. Once it reaches a cell it can travel through the membrane since it is a steroid. A VDR then grabs it and brings it into the nucleus where it tells DNA to make more doors for calcium to come in and go out and make more Calbindin.
86
Where is the axial skeleton
Skull, ribs, and spinal column
87
Where is the appendicular skeleton
Arms, pelvis, and legs
88
How does achondroplasia dwarfism occur
FGFR3 is mutated so it is already opened and sends the stop growing signal to the cells.
89
How does osteogensis imperfecta occur
Brittle bones due to a mutation in growing the collagen fibers when the matrix of bone is laid down.
90
How does FOP occur
Muscle and other soft connective tissue turns into bone
91
How does Acromegaly occur
Excess growth hormone after the growth plates have fused together. Producing a fatter face, hands, and feet.
92
How does Pituitary Giantism occur
Excess growth hormone before the growth plates fuse. Most likely due to a tumor on the pituitary gland causing very tall people from a young age.
93
Know the chart of different types of connective tissues
94
Know how to label the parts of a long bone
95
What are the two types of bone growth
Intramembranous ossification and endochondrial ossification
96
What is the test about
Connective tissue
97
Know how to label on osteon
98
Know what certain tissue types look like and how to name them
99
What type of bone is created from intramembranous ossification
Flat bones
100
What type of bone is created from endochondral ossification
Long bones
101
Name the five types of bone
Flat, long, irregular, sesamoid, short
102
What type of growth is responsible for increasing the width of bones
Appositional growth
103
What type of growth is responsible for increasing the length of bones
Longitudinal
