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Histology > Connective Tissue (exam 1) > Flashcards

Connective Tissue (exam 1) Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

What is the main example in embryonic tissue

A

Wharton’s jelly

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2
Q

What are the major types of adult CT

A

Elastic , reticular, loose, and dense

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3
Q

what type of fibers does loose CT have

A

both collagen and elastic fibers are present and arranged in a very, loose random fracture

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4
Q

What types of fibers make up dense CT

A

Collagen fibers ppredominate
two types
- regular and irregular

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5
Q

What type of fibers make up reticular CT

A

Reticular fibers

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6
Q

What type of fibers make up elastic CT

A

Elastic fibers

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7
Q

where is embryonic CT found and what is it called

A

Umblical cord and in the pulp of developing teeth

wharton’s jelly

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8
Q

What is Wharton’s jelly composed of

A

some collagen and elastic fibers but mostly ECM

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9
Q

Describe the structure of loose CT

A

high ratio of fibroblasts to fibrous components
Type I collagen fibers and elastic fibers
usually found beneath epithelial tissues of most organs, including the tunica adventitia of blood vessels
Contains fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, and capillaries

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10
Q

what is the structure of dense regular CT

A

fibroblast nuclei are very elongated and thin
high ratio of bibrous components to fibroblasts
thicker bundles of collagen than in loose CT
highly ordered bundles of collagen separated in single row fibroblasts
found in tendons and ligaments

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11
Q

what is the structure of Dense irregular CT

A

high ratio of fibrous component to fibroblasts
thicker bundles of collagen than in loose CT
has no specific orientation of collagen bundles
found in fascia, subucosa of GI tract, and in dermis of integument

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12
Q

What is the structure of reticular CT

A

A type of dense irregular CT with a predominance of reticular fibers (which like to branch)
Associated primarily with lymphatic tissue

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13
Q

what is the structure of elastic CT

A

A type of dense irregular CT with an abundance of elastic fibers which form discontinuous lamellae
associated with blood vessel

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14
Q

Where are elastic fibers in the blood vessels produced

A

produced by smooth muscle cells rather than fibroblasts

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15
Q

What are the types of special CT

A

Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, and hematopoietic

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16
Q

what are adipocytes

A

Adipocytes are derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and are distinguished by their unique appearance
most are about 150micrometers in diameter
Two types
- white fat
-brown fat

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17
Q

What is white fat reffered to as

A

Unilocular (means that there is a single droplet of oil/fat in the cell)

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18
Q

why are special CT tissues categorized as CT

A

Embryonic development

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19
Q

what are the most common cell types in ECM

A

Fibrocytes and fibroblasts

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20
Q

what are the most abundant fibers of the ECM

A

Collagen fibers

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21
Q

Type I collagen

A

General CT and Bone

fxn: tensile strength

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22
Q

Type II collagen

A

found in hyalin and elastic cartilage

Fxn: tensile strength

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23
Q

Type III collagen

A

Parenchyma of organs and walls of blood vessels

Fxn: reticular framework

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24
Q

Type IV collagen

A

location: basement membrane
FXN: Meshwork, and scaffolding

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25
What is Type I collagen synthesized as
Prepropeptide
26
Describe the synthesis of Type I collagen
The (pre) sequence of the Prepropetide is cleaved after translocation into the ER lumen of the fibroblast after the signal sequence is cleaved, the property (pro collagen) molecule is secreted by the fibroblast into the ECM -procollagen molecule has a non-helical ends that prevent polymerization to occur - these ends are cleaved by peptidases in order to allow polymerization - after the terminal ends are cleaved, the molecule is referred to as tropocollagen
27
The procollagen molecule has terminal non-helical ends that prevent what
Polymerization
28
what is tropocollagen
what is left after peptidases have clipped off the helical terminal ends of procollagen
29
List the functions of the CT
Physically supports other tissues, binds other tissues together , provides structural framework and opposes gravity, create body contours, houses specialized tissues (blood forming tissue, and lymphoid tissues)
30
Cleaving of the non-helical terminal ends of pro-collagen converting it into tropocollagen occurs when
Immediately after secretion
31
What is ground substance mostly composed of
Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins
32
What composes the CT matrix
``` Scattered cells (mostly fibrocytes and fibroblasts) protein fibers (most abundant collagen, less abundant reticular and elastic fibers) Ground substance (which is mostly glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins) ```
33
Tropocollagen monomers spontaneously assemble into staggered arrays to form collagen fibers with a characteristic ___ nm banded pattern
64 nm
34
What is the assembled polymer of tropocollagen monomers called
Collagen
35
Describe elastic fiber synthesis
Elastin is synthesized as prepropeptide (like collagen) - The prepropeptide is secreted as propeptide - propeptide is converted to tropoelastin by extracellular enzymes, also secreted by the fibroblast - Tropoelastin monomers are assembled into amorphous fibers or sheets with the aid of several types of fibrillins (Fibrillin-1 and Fibrillin-2)
36
Marfan syndrome
Autosomal dominant disorder patients are tall, with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes (arachnodactyly). Increased risk of mitral valve prolapse, dilation of the root of the aorta, and aortic dissection Etiology: Defect in genne encoding the protein fibrillin-1
37
What are GAGs
Large, negatively charged linear polymers (polysaccharides) consisting of repeated disaccharide units
38
What where GAGs originally referred to as
acid mucopolysaccharides
39
Glycoproteins and GAGs form most of what
Ground substance (amorphous substances of CT)
40
What is the only GAGs to not covalently link to protein and form proteoglycans
Hyaluronic acid
41
what is the largest of the GAGs
Hyaluronic acid
42
Where is Hyaluronic acid found
Cartilage, skin, synovial fluid, most general CT, in vitreous body of eye, and Wharton's jelly
43
What is the only GAG, which lacks sulfate groups
Hyaluronic acid
44
Hyaluronic acid consists of repeating carbohydrate chains of ________ and ________
N-acetylglucosamine, D-glucuronic acid
45
What is the function of hyaluronic acid in synovial fluids
binds readily with water and serves as a lubricant
46
Where is Heparin and Heparan sulfate found
basement membrane, skin, lung, liver, blood vessels, mast cell granules
47
Heparin and Heparan sulfate repeating units are ____________ and ___________
N-Acetylglucosamine, D-Glucuronic acid
48
Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate are found where
Cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels, heart valves, and cornea
49
What is the most abundant group of the sulphate GAGs
Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulphate
50
What is the repeating unit in Chondroitin Sulphate
N-acetylglucosamin and D-glucuronic acid
51
What GAGs have repeating units of N-acetylglucosamin and D-glucuronic acid
Heparin, Heparan sulphate, Chondroitin sulfate, Hyaluronic acid
52
What is the most abundant of the GAGs
Hyaluronic acid
53
What is the repeating unit in dermatan sulphate
N-acetylglucosamine and iduronic acid
54
Where is Type I keratan sulfate found
only in the cornea
55
Where is Type II Keratan sulfate found
in cartilage and nucleus pulpous of intervertebral disks
56
What is the repeating units in Keratan sulphate
N-acetylglucosamine and galactose
57
Name the 4 groups of GAGs
Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulphate and dermatan, Heparin and Heparan sulfate, Keratan sulphate
58
Name the GAGs that are found in cartilage
Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, Type II Keratan sulphate
59
What are extracellular protein complexes of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) called
Proteoglycans
60
How are Proteoglycan aggregates formed
Axial hyaluronan molecule, core proteins attach to the hyaluronan molecule (hyaluronic acid) by a linker protein, glycosaminoglycans attach to a core protein - serval chains of GAGs bound to the core protein form a proteoglycan
61
what cells secrete proteoglycans
Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, synovial cells, smooth muscle cells (all derived form the primitive mesenchyme)
62
What causes Proteoglycans to stain with conventional disease such as hematoxylin
Its sulphate groups
63
Toluidin blue and crystal violet are cationic dyes that are metachromatic when reacting with what groups of the proteoglycan
Anionic groups
64
Are proteoglycans polyanions
yes
65
What are glycoproteins
proteins with one or more heterosaccharide chains containing hexosamine, galactose, and other sugars
66
Are glycoproteins PAS +
Yes
67
What are the main characteristics of glycoproteins
High protein content and branched carbohydrate moieties
68
What are 3 examples of glycoproteins
Fibronectin, Laminin, Chondronectin
69
Fibronectin is a major surface protein of what kind of cells
Fibroblasts
70
what are a major surface protein of fibroblasts
Fibronectin
71
What synthesizes fibronectin
Fibroblasts, epithelia, and endothelia
72
What is the function of fibronectin
links cells, collagen, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
73
What is plasma fibronectin called
cold -insoluble globulin or plasma fibronectin
74
Fibronectin occurs in _____ of platelets
Alpha granules
75
What is the function of chondronectin
Promotes adhesion of mature chondrocytes to collagenous substrates
76
Where is chondronectin found
It is found isolated from cartilage
77
Where is laminin found
in basal laminae (component of lamina rara)
78
what is the function of laminin in the basal laminae
Involved in the attachment of epithelial cells to the lamina propria
79
Is Laminin a non-collagenous glycoprotein
Yes
80
What are the principle cell types in CT
Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes
81
What are the function of fibroblasts and fibrocytes
secretion and maintenance of CT matrix secretion of precursor fibrous molecules secretion of the amorphous components of the matrix including the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
82
List some common types of cells that are found in CT other than fibroblast/fibrocytes
Macrophages, Mast Cells, Plasma Cells
83
What is the structural difference of macrophages
Wandering macrophages are somewhat oval in shape | fixed macrophages are more irregular in shape with long processes
84
What is the structure of a macrophages nucleus
Ovoid or indented heterochromatic
85
what is the size of a macrophage
10-30nm
86
what is the type of movement that macrophages are capable of using
Amoeboid
87
What cells are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system (originally called the reticular activating system -RAS)
Macrophages
88
what are giant cells in terms of macrophages
macrophages that have fused together to from a large multinucleate phagocyte
89
Discuss the organelle structures of macrophages
Extensive Golgi, rER, SER , Mitochondria , secretory vesicles, and lysosomes
90
where are macrophages found
wandering in blood (monocytes) CT (histiocytes) Liver sinusoids (Kupffer Cells) Sinusoids of Spleen, Lymph nodes, bone marrow (perialveolar macrophages), Alveoli of lungs (dust cells) CNS (microglia) Associated with bone reabsorption (osteoclasts)
91
Monocytes
undifferentiated macrophages, are not phagocytic
92
Histiocytes
Macrophages found in CT
93
Kupffer Cells
Macrophages in Liver Sinusoids
94
Perialveolar macrophages
Macrophages in Sinusoids of spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
95
Dust cells
Macrophages in the Alveoli of lungs
96
Microglia
Macrophages of CNS
97
Osteoclasts
Macrophages associated with bone reabsorption
98
Structure of Mast cells
Irregularly Oval in outline Small spherical/ovoid nuclei often masked by membrane bound granules Stain with toluidine blue large metachromatic granules with histamine, ECF-A, SRS-A, and Heparin
99
What is ECF-A
Eosinophil chemotactic factor in large metachromatic granules of Mast Cells fxn: attracts eosinophils and neutrophils
100
What is SRS-A
Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis found in in large metachromatic granules of Mast Cells fxn: similar to histamine but has more sustained effect
101
What is Heparin in mast cells
Heparin form mast cells is a poor anticoagulant and is probably involved in helping clear plasma lipids found in in large metachromatic granules of Mast Cells
102
How are mast cells involved in hypersensitivities to allergens
``` lead to Edema shock pain hyper-coagulation fever ```
103
What do the membranes of Mast cells release
Leukotrienes
104
Where are mast cells found
in all mucosal surfaces and in CT | found near small blood vessels, which are a target of histamine and SRS-A
105
Where are mast cells absent
The spleen
106
What is the target for histamine and SRS-A
Blood vessels
107
What are activated B lymphocytes called
Plasma Cells
108
Are plasma cells bigger or smaller than B lymphocytes
Bigger
109
Describe the appearance of plasma cells
Large pale nuclei with "clock-face"distribution of heterochromatin - spherical and typically offset
110
Describe some organelle characteristics of plasma cells
Prominent Golgi and extensive RER
111
Where are plasma cells rarely found
in CT
112
Where are plasma cells frequently found
serous membranes, lymphoid tissue, and lamina propria of gut tract
113
What is the typical diameter of a lymphocyte
6-8 micrometers
114
Where are lymphocytes numerous in numbers
in lamina propria of respiratory and GI tract
115
What is the characterizing structure of lymphocytes
Relatively large, heterochromatic nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm

Histology (10 decks)

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