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BIOSCI 107 (modules 1-3) > connective tissue - my own > Flashcards

connective tissue - my own Flashcards

1
Q

what type of CT has no nerve supply

A

cartilage

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2
Q

how is marfan syndrome caused

A

a hereditary defect in chromosome 15 affects the fibrillin glycoprotein of the elastic fibres, which renders TGF-b unable to bind to it. this causes abnormal growth.

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3
Q

what does marfan syndrome manifest in

A

extreme height, long limbs, long fingers, chest deformities, weak heart valves and arterial wall.

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4
Q

what is fibrillin

A

a glycoprotein which is the structural scaffold for elastin, therefore a part of elastic fibres.

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5
Q

what does mesyncheme CT consist of and where is it found.

A

ECM: semi-fluid ground substance, with reticular fibres
cells: mesynchemal cells
it is found in embryos and gives rise to adult CT

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6
Q

what does mucous embryonic CT consist of, and what is its other name and location

A

aka whartons jelly
found supporting the blood vessels in the umbilical cord.
jelly-like ground substance with fine collagen fibres and scattered fibroblasts

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7
Q

what elements of blood are phagocytic

A

neutrophils and monocytes

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8
Q

types of granular leukocytes:

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, immature mast cells

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9
Q

types of agranular leukocytes

A

monocytes, B and T cells

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10
Q

where do plasma cells originate from

A

B-cells

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11
Q

what are macrophages; where do they originate from

A

macrophages are common cells in CT which are phagocytic and involved in responses against disease and injury. they originate from monocytes.

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12
Q

what is meant by ‘phagocytic’

A

a cell that engulfs and consumes foreign matter and debri

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13
Q

what formed elements of blood secrete histamine

A

basophils and immature mast cells

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14
Q

what are platelets and what do they do

A

fragments of megakaryocytes in bone marrow, which aid in blood clotting

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15
Q

plasma cells produce:

A

antibodies

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16
Q

erythrocytes function:

A

transport co2 and o2 (regulate blood pH)

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17
Q

eosinophil function:

A

parasitic worms and acute allergic response

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18
Q

describe the structural components of the osteon

A

lamellae: concentric rings (around the central canal) of mineralised bone matrix (hydroxyapatite)
lacunae: small gaps between lamellae housing osteocytes
osteocytes: bone cells
caniliculi: channels between lacunae for communication and material exchange of osteocytes
central canal: tube in centre of osteon housing blood, lymph vessels and nerves

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19
Q

describe the spongy bone tissue

A

porous tissue inside the compact bone. has no osteons, contains red and yellow bone marrow.

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20
Q

describe the compact (cortical) bone tissue

A

forms the outside layer of bone. consists of osteons which run parallel to the bones axis/line of stress. stores calcium and phosphorous.

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21
Q

name the 4 types of bone cells

A

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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22
Q

what are osteogenic cells; what do they do

A

mesynchemal stem cells for bone.
lay down collagen matrix and differentiate into osteoblasts

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23
Q

what are osteoblasts; what do they do

A

immature bone cells.
lay and mineralise collagen, then differentiate into osteocytes.

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24
Q

what is a dust cell

A

a fixed macrophage located in the lung

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25
what is a kupffer cell
a fixed macrophage located in the liver
26
what are osteoclasts; what do they do
multi nucleated cells formed from the fusion of blood's monocytes. they are able to break down bone into minerals (resorption) if the body needs, and remodel bone.
27
what is a langerhaans cell
a fixed macrophage located in the skin
28
what are osteocytes; what do they do
osteocytes are mature bone cells. they maintain the bone's structures and functions via communication with other osteocytes.
29
how do osteocytes communicate; what do they communicate and exchange/transport
through caniliculi, channels between lacunae. they allow communication of information about stresses on the bone between osteocytes, as well as exchanging nutrients, oxygen, and transporting waste.
30
ECM in bone tissue is:
mineralised
31
collagen fibres: composition, function, location
made of collagen protein. strong, thick, but flexible to resist pulling forces; provide tensile strength and structural support. found in bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments.
32
reticular fibres: composition, function, location
fine bundles of collagen coated in glycoprotein, made by fibroblasts. provides strength and structural support. branches through vessels and tissues, particularly adipose, smooth muscle, and nerve fibres. found also in the reticular lamina.
33
elastic fibres: composition, function, location
made of elastin and fibrillin glycoprotein. provides flexibility and stretch. found especially in areas needing stretch, e.g lungs, blood vessels, skin.
34
what is hyaluronidase; what does it do; what things might produce it
an enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid; makes ground substance more liquidy/less viscous; sperm, bacteria, blood cells.
35
basophil function:
release histamine in reactions
36
neutrophil function:
phagocytic.
37
monocyte function:
phagocytic.
38
B and T cell function:
immune response
39
when would leukocytes be found in solid CT?
if they've migrated out from the blood (through endothelial cells) to reside in tissue to fight infection
40
mature mast cells location and function
found in solid tissue often alongside blood vessels. produces histamine
41
how does histamine trigger inflammation
causes vasodilation and an increase in blood vessel permeability. this increases fluid intake and therefore produces swelling.
42
name the different classifications of loose CT
areolar, adipose, and reticular.
43
describe fibroblasts (what, where, etc)
fibroblasts are migratory cells which are abundant and widely distributed in most types of CT (all loose and dense types). they secrete components of the ECM - fibres and proteins
44
describe how exophthalmus may arise
autoimmune overreaction of thyroid leads to autoimmune stimulation of fibroblasts in the eye ECM. GAG concentration increases, causing influx in water content as GAGs are polar. this causes swelling due to an increase in orbital contents.
45
areolar tissue: composition, function, location
contains all 3 types of fibres. provides strength, support, and elasticity. surrounds most internal structures like a packing material.
46
adipose tissue: composition, function, location
contains adipocytes and reticular fibres. can be white for energy storage, or brown for heat production, mainly in children. functions are temperature control and energy storage, as well as insulation as it is a poor conductor. found mainly in the buttocks, flanks, abdomen.
47
general loose tissue composition:
less fibres, more GS and cells. more flexible.
48
general dense tissue composition:
lots of fibres and fewer cells.
49
reticular tissue: composition, function, location
lots of reticular fibres. form a soft and supportive framework for soft organs. found in lots of immune structures, e.g spleen and lymph nodes, bone marrow. also liver, kidneys, endocrine glands.
50
dense regular tissue: composition, function, location
collagen fibres in parallel bundles provides resistance against one-directional pulling forces. found in tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments.
51
dense irregular tissue: composition, function, location
collagen fibres in disorganised (irregular) bundles provides resistance against multi-directional force. found in areas subject to stress from many directions. under the skin, around joints, around many organs.
52
dense elastic tissue: composition, function, location
contains mainly elastic fibres to allow stretch (tho also has collagen and fibroblasts). allows flexibility and shape retention. found in large blood vessels, respiratory tubes, spine's ligaments.
53
why does dense CT (e.g tendons) heal slowly?
because it is packed with lots of fibres (collagen) which isn't a living tissue and has low blood supply.
54
hyaline cartilage tissue: composition, function, location
non-obvious collagen fibres in a relatively weak gel. strong but flexible, providing support, flexibility, and cushioning. found in anterior ends of ribs, ends of long bones, and respiratory cartilage e.g nasal cartilage and trachea.
55
elastic cartilage tissue: composition, function, location
elastic fibres alongside collagen. elastic and flexible qualities for shape retention. found in the external ear (pinna) and epiglottis (larynx)
56
fibrous cartilage tissue: composition, function, location
dense collagen fibres in parallel bundles. tough and resilient. provides support and shock-absorption. found in the invertebrate discs, as well as the the pubic joint (pubic symphysis) and knee joint (menisci)
57
what is an aggrecan aggregate
an aggrecan is a glycoprotein consisting of the core protein and keratan and chondroitin sulphate sugars. multiple of these molecules bind to an HA molecule, forming an aggrecan aggregate.
58
how do sulphated and non-sulphated GAGs bind to things in the ECM?
sulphated GAGs bind to a core protein, forming a glycoprotein. non-sulphated GAGs instead bind to the glycoprotein.
59
what is another name for GAGs
mucopolysaccharides
60
what are the functions of an aggrecan aggregate?
slippery, holds water to give GS its structure, acts as physical buffer.
61
what are the functions of hyaluronic acid
binds cells, lubricates joints, maintains shape of eyeball
62
what swells to cause exophthalmus
fat, muscles, and ECM behind the eyes
63
where do reticular fibres comes from?
secreted by fibroblasts
64
what are 6 common cells in connective tissue
fibroblasts and adipocytes are most common macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and leukocytes amongst the next most common.
65
describe the structure of an adipocyte
bulbous cell with a peripherated nuclei due to the most of the cytoplasm being used for storage of triglyceride droplets (fat storage)
66
what does brown fat do
generate local thermal energy
67
what is the ECM like in cartilage
dense rubbery gel, enabling cartilage to be strength but flexible
68
what is the structure/composition of erythrocytes
contain hemoglobon protein for transport of o2 and co2, and have no nucleus.
69
what and where are megakaryocytes - what characteristic do they have
multinucleated cells in the bone marrow forms from the fusion of blood's monocytes, that make platelets, there are hematopoetic
70
what does 'granulated', of a leukocyte, mean
it has little dots called granules which contain active materials like enzymes or histamine, which it can release.
71

BIOSCI 107 (modules 1-3) (10 decks)

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