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Histology > Connective Tissue: Quilt > Flashcards

Connective Tissue: Quilt Flashcards

1
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Provides and maintains form in the body

  • binds and connects cells to cells
  • helps organize organs
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2
Q

What are the 3 structures the form connective tissue?

A
  • Cells
  • Fibers
  • Ground Substance
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3
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue

A

Semirigid to rigid tissue consisting of cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and blood cells

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4
Q

What type of CT can be characterized as areolar and reticular? (loose or dense)

A

Loose

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5
Q

T or F: Dense CT is generalized as regular and irregular

A

True

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6
Q

What tissue type does blood belong to?

A

Connective tissue

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7
Q

What are the two types of Connective Tissue? (not the loose/dense classification)

A

Fixed and Mobile

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8
Q

What is more vascular? (CT Proper or epithelium)

A

CT proper

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9
Q

What is highly cellular and always contain a free surface? (CT proper or epithelium)

A

Epithelium

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10
Q

T or F: CT proper is avascular and contains a variable amount of inter and extracellular material.

A

False

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11
Q

T or F: CT proper contains non polar cell membranes, while epithelium is generally polar.

A

True

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12
Q

Which embryonic germ layer is connective tissue derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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13
Q

Another name for fat cell

A

adipocyte

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14
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells

A

cells destined to become various types of blood cells

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15
Q

Collagen

A

The most abundant protein the human body

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16
Q

How many types of collagen are there?

A

more than 25

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17
Q

What are the 2 components of the extracellular Connective Tissue?

A

Fibers and ground substance

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18
Q

T or F: Collagen is a glycoprotein component of extracellular CT

A

True

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19
Q

T or F: Types I, II, and III collagen are non-fibril forming

A

False

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20
Q

Vitamin C

A

Cofactor of proline hydroxyls for collagen formation

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21
Q

Scurvy

A

Disease resulting from the degeneration of CT

  • more pronounced in areas where collagen renewal takes place at a faster rate
  • ulceration of gums, teeth loss, hemorrhages
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22
Q

T or F: scurvy is a result of defective collagen due to the lack of Vitamin C

A

True

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23
Q

What are the fiber-forming types of collagen?

A

Type I, II, and III

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24
Q

Stroma

A

general term for connective tissue of any organ

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25
Q

Which type of collagen is uniformly distributed throughout the Connective tissue stroma?

A

Type V

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26
Q

T or F: Collagen type III accounts for 90% of body collagen

A

False

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27
Q

What is the most abundant type of body collagen?

A

Type I

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28
Q

Which type of collagen provides resistance to force, tension, and stretch?

A

Type I

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29
Q

Which type of collagen is located in cartilage, notochord, and intervertebral discs?

A

Type II

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30
Q

T or F: Type III collagen is responsible for structural support and filtration

A

False

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31
Q

What type of collagen is located in the connective tissue of the skin, bone, tendon, ligaments, dentin, sclera, fascia, and organ capsules?

A

Type I

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32
Q

T or F: Type I collagen provides resistance to pressure

A

False

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33
Q

Which type of fiber forming collagen is located in the CT of organs, smooth muscle, endometrium, blood vessels, and fetal skin?

A

Type III

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34
Q

Type IV collagen

A

Collagen of the basal lamina of epithelial and endothelial cells, kidney glomeruli, and lens capsules

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35
Q

T or F: Type IV collagen provides resistance to pressure in cartilage

A

False

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36
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

collagen like fibers produced by smooth muscles, fibroblasts, Schwann cells and reticular cells

Fibers with a small diameter and loose disposition
-help create a flexible network in organs that are subjected to changes in volume/form

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37
Q

Which type of collagen makes up collagen fibers?

A

Type I

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38
Q

T or F: collagen fibers function as strong inelastic yet flexible support.

A

true

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39
Q

T or F: reticular fibers are composed of collagen fibrils

A

true

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40
Q

T or F: Like collagen fibers, reticular fibers are usually composed of type I collagen

A

False

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41
Q

Due to more ___ attached to reticular fibers, PAS stain is best.

A

Glycoprotein

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42
Q

Collagenopathies

A

diseases caused by the deficient or abnormality in production of specific collagen types

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43
Q

Elastic fibers

A

non-collagen fibers produced by fibroblasts, smooth muscle, and chondrocytes with a thinner diameter compared to collagen

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44
Q

Which elastic fiber contains a small amount of hydroxylated Pro and Lys unlike collagen?

A

Elastin

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45
Q

Elastin and collagen both contain which amino acids in relative abundance?

A

Gly and Pro

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46
Q

T or F: Microfibrils and microfilaments are basically the same.

A

False

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47
Q

Which glycoprotein does microfibrils have in high levels?

A

Fibrillin

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48
Q

What forms a sheath around elastin?

A

Microfibrils

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49
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant disorder due to a defective fibrillin gene

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50
Q

What is the long standing concern of Marfan’s syndrome?

A

Aortic dissection

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51
Q

A patient presents with abnormally long bones, eye lungs in an improper place, abnormal joints, and weakened blood vessels. what disorder could he/she have?

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

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52
Q

What is the goo/jello component of CT?

A

ground substance

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53
Q

Edema

A

another term for swelling

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54
Q

What serves as a medium for the diffusion of gases, nutrient material and metabolic products from blood vessels to tissue in ground substance?

A

Water

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55
Q

What quality of ground substance allows it to be found between cells and fibers- a colloid of variable viscosity?

A

Amorphous

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56
Q

What occurs as a result of fluid accumulation within CT at sites of injury?

A

Edema (swelling)

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57
Q

T or F: Edema, in part, facilitates the invasion of lymphoid/immune cells at sites of injury

A

True

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58
Q

T or F: Ground substance is insoluble in reagents used in tissue processing and is seen in ordinary preparations

A

False

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59
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

very long, unbranched polysaccharide chain (70+) that can be sulfated-provide rigidity

  • Hydrophilic
  • carries negative charge that attracts Na+ in CT proper ground substance
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60
Q

What is the size of hyaluronic acid?

A

1 kDa

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61
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

major component of CT proper ground substance that is very rigid and serves as a lubricant in joint fluid by protecting from compression

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62
Q

What defines the physical characteristics of non-sulfated GAG?

A

hyaluronic acid

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63
Q

Which type of GAG doesn’t contain hyaluronic acid? (sulfated or non sulfated)

A

sulfated

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64
Q

How large are sulfated GAGs?

A

10-40 Da

65
Q

T or F: Heparin, heparan, and keratin are few examples of sulfated GAGs.

A

False

66
Q

What has a 3D structure similar to a test tube brush?

A

Proteoglycan

67
Q

Proteoglycan

A

GAG + core protein

68
Q

Which two sulfated GAGs are present in a proteoglycan subunit?

A

Keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate

69
Q

Proteoglycan aggregate

A

proteoglycan + hyaluronic acid core

70
Q

Degradation of proteoglycans is carried out in several cell types and depends on the presence of several ___.

A

Lysosomal enzymes

71
Q

A lack of ___ causes diseases like Hurler syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Sanfilippo Syndrome, and Morquio Syndrome.

A

Hydrolases

72
Q

Fibroblast

A

cells actively synthesizing extracellular material like collagen and reticular fibers

73
Q

During which stage of activity does a fibroblast become a fibrocyte?

A

quiescent

74
Q

Most common cell type in CT

A

Fibroblast

75
Q

What cytoplasmic structure(s) cause fibroblasts to stain basophilic?

A

ribosomes and RER

76
Q

T or F: Fibroblasts contain many mitochondria and well developed Golgi.

A

True

77
Q

Fibroblast nuclei stain light basophilic because of the abundance of ___.

A

Euchromatin

78
Q

What shape are fibroblast nuclei?

A

oval

79
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Inactive Fibroblast

80
Q

In what shape are fibrocyte nuclei?

A

spindle

81
Q

Fibrocyte nuclei are dark staining because of abundant ___.

A

heterochromatin

82
Q

T or F: Fibrocyte nuclei are easy to visualize.

A

False

83
Q

Fibrocytes have ___ ribosomes, RER, golgi, and mitochondria.

A

Few

84
Q

Fibrocytes have (more/less) cell processes compared to fibroblasts.

A

Less

85
Q

Myofibroblast

A

cell that displays characteristics of fibroblast and smooth muscle cells

86
Q

T or F: Myofibroblasts usually exist as an isolated cell

A

True

87
Q

Myofibroblasts are implicated in ___.

A

Wound contraction

88
Q

Myofibroblasts are characterized by bundles of ___.

A

actin filaments

89
Q

T or F: When tissue is destroyed by inflammation or trauma, these sites of destruction are replaced by native cells.

A

false

90
Q

Which main CT cell type is involved in scar formation?

A

fibroblast

91
Q

Keloid formation

A

local swelling caused by abnormal amounts of collagen production

92
Q

Keloid Formation is most common in people of ___ decent.

A

African

93
Q

Which type of loose CT has a random placement of cell with more ground substance than cells by volume?

A

areolar

94
Q

T or F: Areolar loose CT is important fo the diffusion of O2 and nutrients from small vessels.

A

true

95
Q

Areolar loose CT surrounds ___ vessels.

A

small

96
Q

__ CT is the site of inflammatory response and edema like allergic or immune reactions.

A

Areolar

97
Q

T or F: Reticular CT is the initial site of bacteria or virus breach from blood vessels.

A

False

98
Q

Which form of CT proper do immune cells (mast, plasma, T and B cells, etc.) reside in?

A

Loose areolar

99
Q

T or F: Loose areolar CT has a gel-like consistency.

A

true

100
Q

T or F: Loose reticular CT serves as a scaffold for organs because of its many reticular fibers

A

True

101
Q

__ Cells are found in most organs and serve as the scaffolding for organ specific cells

A

Reticular

102
Q

Parenchyma

A

cells characteristic of specific organ

103
Q

T or F: Dense regular CT is often found in skin and capsules of organs.

A

False

104
Q

Where is dense regular CT normally found?

A

tendons and ligaments

105
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

tendon

106
Q

What connects bone to bone?

A

ligament

107
Q

Where is dense irregular CT found?

A

skin and capsules of organs

108
Q

T or F: Dense regular and irregular CT both contain fibroblasts, collagen fibers, elastic fibers and blood borne cells.

A

true

109
Q

What type of CT proper has an orderly, parallel fiber bundle orientation that can be wavy?

A

dense regular

110
Q

Another name for fat cells

A

adipocytes

111
Q

Adipocytes

A

cells that store lipids as lipid droplets

112
Q

What are the two types of adipocytes?

A

Multilocular and unilocular

113
Q

Which adipocyte type is most commonly referred to as “Brown fat”?

A

multiocular

114
Q

Which adipocyte type is most commonly referred to as “white fat”?

A

Unilocular

115
Q

T or F: Unilocular adipose is present mostly in fetus and newborns.

A

false

116
Q

T or F: White fat gradually decreases with age.

A

false

117
Q

__ have a high surface to mass ratio with significant heat loss.

A

Newborns

118
Q

Which adipose type contains multiple inclusions?

A

multilocular

119
Q

T or F: Brown fat has multiple inclusions that are membrane bound.

A

false

120
Q

T or F: Brown fat may be found in the perirenal or axill/neck regions in adults.

A

True

121
Q

T or F: Brown fat is highly vascular, white fat is not.

A

fat

122
Q

What is the primary function of multilocular adipose CT?

A

thermogenesis

123
Q

T or F: Brown fat has many mitochondria.

A

true

124
Q

Brown fat mitochondria lack __ on the inner membrane, makes it unique.

A

respiratory assembly

125
Q

T or F: Brown fat mitochondria makes tons of ATP.

A

false

126
Q

Brown fat mitochondria generate ___.

A

heat

127
Q

Which adipose CT contains eccentric, spherical nuclei? *(unilocular or multilocular)

A

multilocular

128
Q

T or F: Both brown and white fat contain reticular and collagen fibers.

A

true

129
Q

T or F: Unilocular adipose contains a single, membrane bound inclusion

A

False

130
Q

What is the primary function of white fat?

A

caloric energy storage

131
Q

Unilocular inclusions can be up to ___ um and larger

A

100

132
Q

White fat contains ___ mitochondria.

A

normal

133
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood cells

-transient visitors of CT proper

134
Q

Leukocytes

A

cells that orginate from blood and lymph stream

135
Q

Lymphocytes

A

leukocytes primarily involved in immune responses

136
Q

What leukocytes are natural kill cells (B and T cells)?

A

Lymphocytes

137
Q

Which cells are the first to arrive at the site of tissue injury?

A

neutrophils

138
Q

Neutrophils have ___ action that allows them to engulf bacteria, foreign substances and damaged tissue.

A

phagocytic

139
Q

What leukocyte type make up yellow exudate (pus)?

A

neutrophils

140
Q

__ produce antihistamine in response to allergic reactions/inflammation.

A

eosinophils

141
Q

T or F: Neutrophils counter act histamine activity to modulate inflammatory response.

A

False

142
Q

What cell type is found in high numbers in response to parasitic invasion?

A

Eosinophils

143
Q

What serves as the leading edge (active phagocyte) in response to infection/injury?

A

macrophages

144
Q

T or F: Macrophages have a well developed RER, Golgi, mitochondria, and lysosomes.

A

True

145
Q

Macrophages are derived from __ circulating in the blood.

A

Monocytes

146
Q

Macrophages can act as __ present cells.

A

antigen

147
Q

Macrophages

A

Cytoplasmic inclusions contain secondary lysosomes

148
Q

T or F: Plasma cells digest and secrete pyrogen, interferons, elastase, collagenases and proteases.

A

False

149
Q

T or F: Pyrogen increases heat and leads to fever.

A

True

150
Q

Are plasma cells numerous under normal conditions?

A

no

151
Q

Plasma cells

A

cells characterized by a heterochromatin cartwheel shaped nucleus

152
Q

What is located in the clear area in plasma cells?

A

golgi

153
Q

Plasma cells are formed from __.

A

B cell lymphocytes

154
Q

T or F: Plasma cells can be found in some number in alimentary mucous membranes.

A

True

155
Q

Mast Cells

A

Widely distributed cells of CT

  • abundant along small blood vessels
  • contain cytoplasmic granules with histamine and heparin
156
Q

Histamine

A

increases permeability of blood vessels, allowing antibodies to move

157
Q

Heparin

A

blood anticoagulant

158
Q

What is Dr. Weeks Favorite Cell type?

A

MAST CELLS

159
Q

Mast cells are (Fixed/mobile) CT cells

A

mobile

Histology (20 decks)

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