Connective tissues Flashcards by Geoffrey Ying

Differences between CT and epithelia

CT not found on body surfaces

CT is highly vascular (except cartilage)

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Similarities between CT and epithelia

Presence of nerves (except cartilage)

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What is CT made up of

ECM and cells

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What is ECM made up of

Ground substance and fibres

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What is ground substance made up of

Water
Proteins
Polysaccharides

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Features of a glycosaminoglycan

Long and unbranched polysaccharide
Repeating disaccharide units
Highly polar and attract water

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Examples of sulphated GAG’s

Dermatan sulphate
Heparin sulphate
Keratan sukphate
Chondroitin sukphate

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Example of non-sulphated GAG

Hyaluronic acid

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What are proteoglycans made up of

Protein and GAG

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General function of GAG’s

Trap water, making ground substance more jelly-like

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Purpose of hyaluronic acid

Viscous slippery substance binds cells together, lubricates joints and maintains shape of eyeball
Does not bind to protein

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What produces hyaluronidase and why

Sperm, WBC and some bacteria

Makes ground fluid more watery so they can move more easily

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Function of chondroitin sulphate

Support and provide adhesive features of cartilae, bone, skin, and blood vessels

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Location of keratan sulphate

Bone, cartilage, cornea of eye

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Location of dermatan sulphate

Found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves

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Abnormal Periorbital ECM and thyroid disease (Exopthalmos) causes

Autoimmune over-activation of thyroid

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Abnormal Periorbital ECM and thyroid disease (Exopthalmos) symptoms

Goitre

Bulging eyes

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3 different protein fibres of ECM

Collagen
Reticular fibres
Elastic fibres

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Features of collagen

Strong and flexible
Abundant
Parallel bundles

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Features of Reticular fibres

Composed of collagen covered with a glycoprotein in fine bundles that form networks
Made by fibroblasts
Strength and support
Part of basement membrane

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Where are reticular fibres found

Adipose tissue, nerve fibres, smooth muscle tissues

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Features of elastic fibres

Thinner than collagen
Fibrous network
Consist of elastin surrounded by fibrillin to give strength and stability
Can stretch by 150%

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Where are elastic fibres found

Skin, blood vessels, lungs

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Cause and symptoms of Marfan syndrome

Dominant mutation of chromosome 15 in gene coding for fibrillin
Sufferers are often tall, long-limbed, and have chest deformity
Have weak artery walls and heart valves

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Connective tissue cell types

``` Fibroblasts Adipocytes Macrophages Plasma cells Mast cells Leukocytes ```

Function and location of fibroblasts

Widely distributed and migratory | Secrete fibres and ground substance

Function and location of adipocytes

Found under skin and around organs | Store triglycerides

Function and location of macrophages

Fixed dust cells (lungs) kupffer cells (liver) and langerhan cells (skin) Wandering in CT to sites of infection/inflammation

Function and location of plasma cells

Produce antibodies | Gut, lungs, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen

Function and location of mast cells

Produce histamines | Found alongside blood vessels

Function and location and leukocytes

WBC | Migrate from blood

Two types of connective tissue

Embryonic | Mature

Function of mesenchyme tissue

Gives rise to all other CT

Structure of mesenchyme tissue

Consists of mesenchymal cells in a semi-fluid ground substance of reticular fibres

Function of mucous tissue

Support umbilical cord

Structure of mucous tissue

Widely scattered fibroblasts in jelly ground substance

3 fibres in loose areolar tissue

Collagen Reticular Elastic

Location and function of loose areolar tissue

Widely distributed packing material | Strength, elasticity, support

Structure and types of loose adipose tissue

``` Mainly adipocytes (central triglyceride drop) White adipose: energy storage Brown adipose (mainly in children): heat production ```

Structure of reticular connective tissue

Fine interlacing network of reticular fibres and cells

Location of reticular CT

Stroma (framework) of spleen, liver, lymph nodes

Function of reticular CT

Binds smooth muscle cells | Filters and removes worn-out blood cells

Structure and location of dense regular CT

Regularly arranged collagen Shiny white colour Tendons, ligaments, appeneuroses

Structure and function of dense irregular CT

Irregularly arranged collagen Occurs in sheets Tensile strength in many directions

Structure and function of elastic CT

Predominantly elastic fibres with fibroblasts between Yellowish colour Allows stretching of various organs

Structure and function of hyaline cartilage

Fibres not obvious Resilient gel Relatively weak Flexibility and movement

What are chrondocytes

Mature cartilage cells

Structure and function of fibrocartilage

Chrondocytes among thick collagen bundles in ECM Support and join structures Strongest cartilage

Structure and function of elastic cartilage

Chrondocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibres Found in epiglottis Provides strength and elasticity

2 types of bone tissue

Osseous | Compact

Structure and function of compact bone

Composed of osteons Covers outer layers of bone Store Ca and P

Structure and function spongy bone

Porous Lies under compact bone No osteons Yellow and red marrow

What are osteogenic cells

Mesenchymal stem cells that develop, starts to lay down collagen; become trapped and become osteoblasts

What are osteoblasts

Bone forming cells. They lay down collagen, | and cause mineralization process to start

What are osteocytes

Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts trapped within the extracellular matrix. Many gap junctions

What are the function of osteocytes

They maintain bone tissue through exchange of nutrients and waste products

Features and function of osteoclasts

Large Multinucleated Formed from fusion of monocytes Break down bone

4 parts of osteons

Canaliculi Lacunae Lamellae Central haversian canal

How are osteons arranged

Along axis of stress

Structure of lamellae

Concentric rings of mineral salts (e.g Ca2(PO4)3 or Ca(OH)2 which combine to give hydroxyapatite) for hardness and collagen

What are lacunae

Small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

What are canaliculi

Minute canals that radiate from lacunae and provide routes for oxygen, nutrients and waste.

What is the central Haversian canal

Blood Lymph Nerves

Function of osteoclasts

Reabsorb dead bone | Remodel new bone

Function of osteoblasts

Lay down new bone

Function of chondroblasts

Lay down hyaline cartilage callus

Contents of blood

Plasma | Formed elements

What are formed elements

``` Euthrocytes Neutrophils/monocytes Basophils/mast cells Eosinophils Lymphocytes Platelets ```