Conscience

Question 1

name 2 people who had non religious ideas about nature of conscience

Answer 1

Kohlberg
freud

Question 2

what was Kohlberg view about conscience

Answer 2

behaviour developed through social interaction
identified 3 levels with 2 substages
1. preconventional level - primary school children
moral code shaped by standards of adults consequences of breaking the rules
- punishment for doing something wrong
- individualism realise not just one right view
2. Conventional morality - most adults - begin to moral standards of valued adult role models
- waiting for apporval
- maintaining social order - become aware of others rules
3. Post conventional morality - individual judgement based on self chosen principles
- social contract and individual rights aware that rules are there there are times when they will work against interest
- universal principles have developed own set of moral guidelines might not fit into law

Question 3

what was freud view about conscience

Answer 3

1. believed in no such thing as a soul view on mind was mechanistic
2. human mind had 3 areas
   - super ego moral controls given to use by outside influences
   - ego - part seen by outside world
   - id - unconscience part - repressed by memories
3. conscience connected with sense of guilt

Question 4

give 4 religious people about ideas about nature of conscience

Answer 4

fletcher
Schleiermacher
butler
Aquinas

Question 5

what is fletchers view on conscience

Answer 5

conscience as agape
rejected all interpretations of conscience
conscience is a verb way humans do when using ahapeic caucus

Question 6

what is Schleiermacher view on conscience

Answer 6

innate voice of God
hearing voice of God whispering to us
conscience must be obeyed

Question 7

give challenge to Schleiermacher view

Answer 7

1. why does god speak to some but not others
2. why do people come up with different answers
3. how can we be sure its from God

Question 8

what is Butlers view on conscience - 6

Answer 8

1. what distinguishes us from animals
2. most people would know right from wrong if choice wrong was worse then doing actual action
3. even if misinformed conscience must always be obeyed
4. conscience enables us to asses what it is right and to keep balance - which should take priority
5. principle of reflection - god works closely with conscience
6. gives basic instinctive drives and self love and love for others

Question 9

what is a challenge to Butlers view - 1

Answer 9

over optimistic that people know right from wrong

Question 10

give aquinas view on conscience
give 2 aspects of conscience
and 2 ignorance
and conclusion

Answer 10

1. conscience not voice of God but mind of man making moral judgement
2. all have natural instincts to do good
3. 2 aspects of conscience
   - using reason - understanding primacy precepts
   - learning right from wrong
   may be mistaken through ignorance
4. vincible ignorance - when they don’t make effort to understand church teaching
5. invincible ignorance - when have made very effort to inform there conscience some ambiguity not a sin
   once conscience has made a choice myst be obeyed

Question 11

give the 2 situations were the role of conscience in making moral decisions can be applied

Answer 11

1. adultery
2. telling lies and breaking promises

Question 12

adultery - 3
1. reason based approaches

Answer 12

1. aquinas conflicts the syneresis rule - conflicts with living in an ordered society
2. contrary to divine laws on marriage act
3. bitter rect against bible

Question 13

adultery - 2
2. psychological approaches

Answer 13

1. adultery would not be seen as moral issue
2. freud a guilty conscience arises out of social restrictions

Question 14

adultery - 2
3. situationist approaches

Answer 14

1. it depends on agape calculus
2. no absolute right or wrong

Question 15

adultery - 1
4. voice of God approach

Answer 15

1. in line with 10 commandments

Question 16

adultery - 2
5. society linked approaches

Answer 16

1. changed views on marriage
2. others see threat to stability of society

Question 17

telling lies and breaking promises -2
1. reason based approaches

Answer 17

1. conflicts the synderesis rule - contravenes primary precept of ordered society
2. bulter - lying might be right in some situations

Question 18

telling lies and breaking promises -2
2. psychological approaches

Answer 18

1. lying and promise breaking would not be seen as moral issues
2. would be concern if raised emotional issues - guilt

Question 19

telling lies and breaking promises -1
3. situationist approaches

Answer 19

1. no right or wrong
   depends on agape calc

Question 20

telling lies and breaking promises
4. voice of God approach

Answer 20

1. 10 commandments
2. Morden thinkers guidance might go against all accepted ethical rules

Question 21

telling lies and breaking promises - 1
5. society linked approaches

Answer 21

fear of punishment - motivated to keep promises

Question 22

value of conscience as a moral guide - 3
1. reason based approaches

Answer 22

1. emotions and social conditioning can also influence and distort it
2. conscience is not infallible
3. encourages an objective approach to right or wrong

Question 23

value of conscience as a moral guide - 1
2. physiological approach
3. situationist approach
4. voice of God approach
5. society linked approaches

Answer 23

1. feeling hail ca act as a warning

Question 24

value of conscience as a moral guide - 1
3. situationist approach

Answer 24

application of agape calculus

Question 25

value of conscience as a moral guide - 1
4. voice of God approach

Answer 25

runs risk of being subjective and unreliable

Question 26

value of conscience as a moral guide - 1
5. society linked approaches

Answer 26

have no value morality of society was corrupt
a collective conscience could unite society

Question 27

what is key issues with value of conscience as a moral guide - 2

Answer 27

1. nobody agrees on what conscience is or how ut functions
2. only way of resolving if everyone could agree on some general moral principles