Consciousness and neurology of speech and language Exam

Question 1

T/F Speech is voluntary

Answer 1

true

Question 2

consciousness

Answer 2

the ability to be aware of self and surroundings

Question 3

Subjective consciousness

Answer 3

internal, first person, mental. awareness of self, perceiving sensation, working memory, decision making

Question 4

Objective Consciousness

Answer 4

external, third person, behavioral. wakefulness, background emotions, attention

Question 5

Core consciousness

Answer 5

our sense of selves and objects here and now

Question 6

Extended Consciousness

Answer 6

selves in flow of time (past, future), autobiographical self, long-term memory, depends on core consciousness

Question 7

Reticular Activating System

Answer 7

• from the brainstem and like a web through cortex
  -four groups of nuclei
  -damage can lead to coma, brain death

Question 8

Glassgow Coma Scale

Answer 8

15 point scale measuring consciousness

3-8 severe brain injury
9-12 moderate
13-15 mild

Question 9

What is the Glassgow coma scale based off of?

Answer 9

eye opening, verbal response, motor response

Question 10

Rancho Levels of Cognitive Functioning (RLCF)

Answer 10

8 level scale tracking emergence from a coma
Level 1- lowest response
Level 8- highest response

Question 11

PVS

Answer 11

persistent vegetative state

Question 12

MCS

Answer 12

minimally conscious state

Question 13

LIS

Answer 13

locked in syndrome

Question 14

most severe level of consciousness vs least severe

Answer 14

brain death, coma, PVS, MCS, LIS, sleep

Question 15

brain death

Answer 15

absent brainstem reflexes, breathing suspension (apnea)

Question 16

Dementia

Answer 16

-greatest effect is on extended consciousness
-core consciousness affected later on (first start with and last to go)

Question 17

aphasia

Answer 17

Consciousness preserved, language disorder

Question 18

Epilepsy

Answer 18

core and extended consciousness impaired during episode

Question 19

Out of body experiences

Answer 19

sense of leaving one’s body

Question 20

Near-death Experiences

Answer 20

elaborate experiences

Question 21

Coma Stimulation

Answer 21

Try to activate brainstem through 5 senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch). speed emergence from coma- sternal rub

Question 22

Audiology testing

Answer 22

ABR: Auditory Brainstem Response

does not require response

• hearing is the last to go with brain death

Question 23

3 categories of language

Answer 23

form, content, use

Question 24

5 domains of language

Answer 24

semantics, phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatics

Question 25

Phonology vs morphology

Answer 25

smallest units in a language system vs smallest units of meaning in a language

Question 26

steps of auditory comprehension

Answer 26

1. cochlea through vestibulocochlear nerve to CNC 2. CNC to thalamus 3. thalamus to primary auditory cortex 4. primary auditory cortex to Wernicke's (22) 5. Wernicke's to Broca's 44

Question 27

What structure connects Wernicke's and Broca's?

Answer 27

Arcuate Fasciculus

Question 28

What process is the arcuate fasciculus important for?

Answer 28

repeating

Question 29

Decision and initiation to speak starts at what part of the brain?

Answer 29

prefrontal cortex

Question 30

Aphasia

Answer 30

aquired multimodality language disorder

Question 31

Anomia

Answer 31

word finding difficulties

Question 32

Jargon

Answer 32

meaningless random speech

Question 33

Neologism

Answer 33

non-word

Question 34

Paraphasia

Answer 34

error in aphasic speech. can be phonemic or semantic

Question 35

Agraphia

Answer 35

acquired writing disorder

Question 36

Alexia

Answer 36

acquired reading disorder

Question 37

Fluent and nonfluent aphasia

Answer 37

expressive (choppy articulation) vs receptive (fine output but meaningless)

Question 38

non-fluent Aphasias

Answer 38

Broca's, transcortical motor, mixed transcortical, global

Question 39

fluent aphasia

Answer 39

wernicke's, transcortical sensory, conduction, anomic

Question 40

Global Aphasia

Answer 40

most severe, widespread, fluency, auditory, and repetition all damaged

Question 41

Broca's aphasia

Answer 41

Broca's area. fluency and repetition damaged but auditory in tact

Question 42

Transcortical Motor

Answer 42

motor strip. fluency damaged but auditory and repetition in tact

Question 43

Transcortical Sensory

Answer 43

sensory strip. fluency and repetition in tact but auditory damaged

Question 44

Conduction aphasia

Answer 44

arcuate fasciculus damaged. fluency and auditory in tact but repetition damaged

Question 45

Anomic aphasia

Answer 45

can be anywhere. fluency, auditory, and repetition all in tact

Question 46

Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 46

wernicke's area. fluency in tact but auditory and repetition are not

Question 47

Conceptual Level of Motor Speech

Answer 47

involves thoughts, feelings, and ideas (prefrontal cortex)

Question 48

Linguistic Planning Level

Answer 48

language content, form, and use

Question 49

Motor Planning Level

Answer 49

arranges phonemes (basal ganglia, cerebellum, supplementary motor area)

Question 50

Motor Speech Disorders

Answer 50

dysarthria and apraxia of speech

Question 51

Apraxia of Speech

Answer 51

motor planning and programming disorder, searching/groping. childhood apraxia of speech or adult acquired

Question 52

Damage leading to apraxia

Answer 52

broca's area, supplementary motor area

Question 53

Which part of the brain regulates motor functioning especially tone and posture allowing for smooth movements?

Answer 53

basal ganglia

Question 54

Motor planning is in which lobe?

Answer 54

frontal

Question 55

Cerebellum

Answer 55

coordinates muscle movements

Question 56

Pyramidal system

Answer 56

direct motor pathway. primary motor cortex

Question 57

Upper motor neurons

Answer 57

upper motor tract (brain and spinal cord)

Question 58

Lower motor neurons

Answer 58

lower part of tract (cranial and spinal nerves)

Question 59

Upper motor neuron damage

Answer 59

spastic muscles (hypertonia, hyperreflexia), no atrophy

Question 60

Lower motor neuron damage

Answer 60

flaccid muscles (hypotonia, hyporeflexia), atrophy

Question 61

Dysarthria

Answer 61

spastic, flaccid, hyperkinetic, hypokinetic, ataxic

Question 62

Parkinson's is associated with which type of dysarthria?

Answer 62

hypokinetic. rest tremors

Question 63

Huntington's disease is associated with which type of dysarthria?

Answer 63

hyperkinetic. action tremors

Question 64

Extrapyramidal system

Answer 64

indirect motor system, posture, muscle tone. many stops

Question 65

multisystem damage

Answer 65

damage to multiple motor pathways- mixed dysarthria (ALS)

Question 66

Ascending Sensory Tracts

Answer 66

dorsal column, spinothalmic, spinocerebellar

Question 67

Dorsal

Answer 67

fine touch, proprioception

Question 68

spinothalamic

Answer 68

pain, pressure, temperature

Question 69

spinocerebellar

Answer 69

proprioception and coordination

Question 70

Proprioception

Answer 70

body's eyes for itself or the body's knowledge of where it is in space

Question 71

Kinesthesia

Answer 71

brains awareness of position and movement of structures