Consciousness, SensAtion, Perception Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
Altered state of consciousness
A
-form of experience that departs significantly from the normal experience of world and mind
2
Q
Hypnagogic
A
Presleep consciousness
3
Q
Hypnic jerk
A
Sudden quiver or sensation of dropping
4
Q
Hypnopompic
A
Post sleep consciousness
5
Q
Circadian rhythm
A
- naturally occurring 24 hour cycle
- light sensitive and hormone sensitive
6
Q
5 stages of sleep
A
1) awake-beta waves
2) drowsy-alpha waves
3) stage 1: sleep-theta waves
4) stage 2: sleep-sleep spindles, k complexes
5) stage 3/4-delta waves
6) REM sleep-fast, random
7
Q
Waves in sleep cycle
A
Represent levels of brain activity in terms of frequency; frequency increases as stages increase
8
Q
REM sleep
A
- rapid eye movement and high level of brain activity
- dreams
- body is immobilized
9
Q
EEG (electroencephalograph)
A
Records electrical activity in the brain
10
Q
EOG (electrooculograph)
A
Measures eye movements
11
Q
Stages of sleep in terms of REM
A
-first half of sleep, 1 rem cycle; second half, one every 1.5 hours
12
Q
Insomnia
A
Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
-can be caused by anxiety, stress, emotional problems
13
Q
Sleep apnea
A
- person stops breathing for a period of time while asleep
- can cause awakenings and insomnia
- usually in overweight middle aged men
14
Q
Somnambulism
A
- sleep walking
- more common in younger children
- biggest problem is sleepwalkers can hurt themselves
- it’s safe to wake them up
15
Q
Narcolepsy
A
- sleep attacks In the middle of waking activities
- genetic basis
16
Q
Sleep paralysis
A
- waking up and not being able to move
- can be associated with narcolepsy
17
Q
Night terrors
A
- abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
- occur in boys age 3-7
18
Q
Hypnosis
A
- altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that ones actions are occurring involuntarily
- leading people to expect certain things will happen outside conscious will
19
Q
Brain activity during hypnosis
A
- unique patterns of bran activation
- PET scan suggests 3 tasks: hear sentence, imagine sentence, sentence was suggested
- result: right anterior cingulate cortex activated (also activated during hallucinations and hearing and attention)
20
Q
Meditation
A
- intentional contemplation
- effects: rest, revitalization, psychological well being
- religious prayer-temporal lobe activated
21
Q
Characteristics of dream consciousness
A
1) intense emotion
2) illogical thought
3) meaningful sensation
4) uncritical acceptance
5) difficult to remember
22
Q
Manifest content (Freud)
A
- dreams apparent topic or superficial meaning
- smokescreen for latent content
- dreams have meaning and manifest in brain later
23
Q
Latent meaning
A
-dreams underlying true meaning
24
Q
Activation-synthesis model
A
- dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep
- dreams begin randomly and form meaning
25
Psychoactive drugs
Chemicals that influence consciousness by altering the brains chemical message system
26
Drug tolerance
Tendency for larger doses of drugs to be required over time to achieve same effect
27
Depressants
- reduce activity of CNS
| - alcohol, inhalants, Valium
28
Expectancy theory
-alcohol effects are produce by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
29
Balanced placebo design
- behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of placebo stimulus
- belief that alcohol was ingested influences Behavior
30
Alcohol myopia
-alcohol hampers attentions leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations
31
Stimulants
-substances that excite the CNS, heightening arousal and activity levels
32
Narcotics
-drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain
33
Hallucinogens
Drugs that alter sensations and perception, often causing hallucinations (LSD, PCP, ketamine)
-not that addictive
34
Marijuana
-leaves and buds of hemp plant that contain THC
35
Post hypnotic amnesia
Can't remember things after hypnosis
36
Hypnotic analgesia
Reduction of pain through hypnosis
37
Stages in perception
1) modification via accessory structures
2) transduction
3) encoding
4) representation in Cortex
38
Modification via accessory pupils
-ie. cornea, iris, lens of eye changes light
39
Retina
Light sensitive tissue lining back of eyeball
40
Transduction
- Converting energy to neural activity
- sensory receptors response especially to changes in stimulus intensity
- adaptation: decreased response due to Unchanging stimulus
41
Encoding
- coding: translation of physical stimulus
- thalamus: relay station for sensory info
- encoded info is represented in Cortex (except smell)
42
Representation in cortex
-information relayed to visual cortex
43
Key eye structures/direction of light
Cornea-->pupil-->lens-->retina
Pupil is the hole in the iris
44
Accommodation
- maintaining clear image on retina
| - problems: have laser eye surgery
45
Selective attention
-perceiving what is currently relevant to you
46
Perception
- active exploration for interesting information; not passive
- makes driving and talking on the phone much harder
47
Measuring brain activity with fMRI (driving and talking)
- people shift attention between auditory and visual information
- strength was affected
48
Lobes active during processing of auditory and visual perception
- audio: superior temporal lobe
| - visual: fusiform gyrus
49
Nearsightedness
- eyeballs are too long
| - far objects are blurry because light focuses object in front of retina
50
Farsightedness
- eyeball is too short
- distant objects are clear, close one are not
- light focuses object behind retina
51
Fovea
Location where vision is the clearest; right at retina
| -no rods at all
52
Photoreceptor cells
- cones
| - Rods
53
Cones
- detect color
- operate under normal daylight conditions
- fine detail focus
- less number than rods
54
Rods
- active under low light
- night vision
- more sensitive than cones
- only sense shades of grey
55
Peripheral vision
- not so good
- affected by distribution of Rods
- light from those objects have a hard time landing in fovea
56
Layers of the retina
1) Photoreceptor cells-innermost
2) bipolar cells
3) retinal ganglion cells
57
Bipolar cells
-collect neural info from rods and cones and transmit them to retinal ganglion cells
58
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)
-organize signals from bipolar cells and send them to brain
59
Optic nerve
- formed by bundled RGC axons
| - leaves eye through hole in retina
60
Blind spot
- created by hole in retina
| - location in visual field that produces no sensation in retina
61
Receptive field
- region of the sensory surface that when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron
- patch of light falls on this and the RCGs respond
62
Change blindness
- when people fail to detect hanged to the visual details of a scene
- illustrate the importance of focused attention for visual perception
63
Inattentional blindness
- failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention
- ie not noticing gorilla
