conservation biology 2

Question 1

landscape genetics evaluates

Answer 1

impact of landscape on genetic structure and survival

Question 2

size of patch effects

Answer 2

carrying capacity

Question 3

edges affect

Answer 3

species fitness

Question 4

distance and type of matrix (percolation) determines

Answer 4

migration between patches

Question 5

Isolation can lead to

Answer 5

extinction, but also speciation

Question 6

When should we interfere?

Answer 6

small population approach: populations should be protected once they are too small- usually associated with a genetic approach

Declining population approach:Populations should be protected once consistently declining in size, usually associated with an ecological approach

Question 7

Extinction vortex

Answer 7

small pops prone to loss of genetic diversity via genetic drift which leads to inbreeding depression- in turn leads to smaller pops

Question 8

vortex sequence

Answer 8

reduced n: demographic stochasticity ( variability in pop growth arising from sampling random births and deaths), environ variation, catastrophes
small, fragmented, isolated populations
inbreeding and loss of diversity
reduced adaptability survival and reproduction
Back to the beginning

Question 9

Loss of genetic variation also problematic because

Answer 9

needed for evolution of responses to climate change

Question 10

What 2 things always lead to extinction

Answer 10

small pops and low genetic diversity

Question 11

Greater prairie chickens

Answer 11

Bottle neck effects due to sudden decr in availability of prairie habitat, caused large reduction in pop
Surviving birds low genetic variation, and only 50% of eggs hatched

Question 12

Chickens genetic rescue

Answer 12

Genetic variation imported by transplanting birds from larger pops
Declining pop rebounded- due to incr variation

Question 13

captive breeding- ex-situ conservation

Answer 13

breed in captivity and release when conditions are appropriate for wild survival

Question 14

Dangers of reintroduction

Answer 14

Breeding in captivity causes behavioural and physiological changes, loss of genetic variability- limit eventual settlement success in nature
Intro of exotic pathogens risk

Question 15

storage- ex-situ conservation

Answer 15

Preserve plants and germplasm that can be distributed when needed
eg Kew gardens holds threatened spcies, millennium seed bank- cyropreserved seeds and plants

Question 16

PVA

Answer 16

Population viability analysis

Question 17

PVA assesses combined impacts on extinction risk of

Answer 17

deterministic factors: habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, introduced species
Stochastic events:
- demographic
-environmental
- genetic stochasticity
- catastrophes

Question 18

Demographic stochasticity

Answer 18

natural fluctuations in B and D rates and sex-ratio independent of environ effects

Question 19

Environmental stochasiticity

Answer 19

Fluctuations in B and D rates and sex-ratio due to fluctuation in environ

Question 20

Genetic stochasiticity

Answer 20

Inbreeding depression genetic drift, divergence of pops

Question 21

lambda

Answer 21

finite rate of growth for a discrete pop growth model

Question 22

Name an organisation which monitors diversity

Answer 22

international union of conservation

uses a set of extinction criteria to evaluate extinction risk

Question 23

Assignment to a IUCN category done based on

Answer 23

reductions in numbers, total geographical area occupied, numbers of mature reproductive individuals, habitat loss- considered a PVA:

• varies for different taxa
• has distinct conservation implications

Question 24

3 threatened categories

Answer 24

Critically endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable

Question 25

Endangered species conservation

Answer 25

Trying to preserve single species threatened with extinction

Question 26

Umbrella species conservation

Answer 26

When habitat is preserved to meet needs of an 'umbrella species', it helps preserve habitat for many other species (primary species serve as protective 'umbrella' for others) eg large species with huge area requirements, pretty ones to win public affection, keystone species

Question 27

key species

Answer 27

plays crucial role in how the ecosystem functions

Question 28

Categories of species vulnerable to extinction PEERWISE

Answer 28

``` only occur in threatened habitats Economically valuable to humans Don't have experience of disturbance Evolved in isolation within a limited community without human contact Lack long distance dispersal mechanisms Require large home ranges Short lived Low adult survival rae Low genetic variability Low intrinsic growth rate ```

Question 29

Conserving what type of areas is a sensible approach

Answer 29

conserving areas that protect many species at once

Question 30

How could climate change affect biod hotspots

Answer 30

change location

Question 31

BIggest contributor to biod loss

Answer 31

loss of habitat

Question 32

What is key to protection of biod (technique)

Answer 32

establishment of protected areas

Question 33

Argument for large reserves

Answer 33

large, far-ranging animals with low-density populations need extensive habitats

Question 34

Argument for smaller reserves

Answer 34

more realistic | Slow spread of disease

Question 35

Reserve design principles based on island biogeography theory

Answer 35

1. Large reserves better than small ones 2. Single large one better than groups of smaller one of equivalent total area 3. Reserves close together better 5. Circular reserves better than long thin ones 6. Reserves connected by a corridor better

Question 36

Saving individual species (population approach)

Answer 36

More common in the past but still ongoing | Offered good PR but let too many others go extinct

Question 37

Conserving whole ecosystems or landscapes

Answer 37

Based on increased awareness of the importance of species interactions (can't save one without all) And incr awareness about ecosystem service

Question 38

benefits from ecoystems- goods and services

Answer 38

Service values new tool Ecosystem services encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life Ecosystems on such a large scale and so complex that they can't be replicated using technology

Question 39

Ecosystem services categories

Answer 39

supporting, provisioning, regulating cultural

Question 40

Supporting services

Answer 40

Underlying support for all services eg PS, soil formation, nutrient cycling

Question 41

Provisioning services

Answer 41

food, fuel water

Question 42

Regulating services

Answer 42

Benefits from ecosystem processes that regulate | eg climate, floods, disease, water quality

Question 43

Cultural services

Answer 43

eg recreation, tourism, ethical values

Question 44

scales of ecosystem services

Answer 44

global, landscape, community | field, plot or individual person scale

Question 45

global scale

Answer 45

``` carbon sequestration (removal ) climate change ```

Question 46

Landscape scale

Answer 46

water purification, erosion control

Question 47

community scale

Answer 47

crop pollination, pest control

Question 48

Field plot or individual person

Answer 48

local nutrients, disease and pest preventions

Question 49

Approach to protect a species might conflict with..

Answer 49

alternative profitable use of a land

Question 50

tragedy of the commons

Answer 50

- people assume ecosystems are free 'public goods': leads to overexploitation and 'selfish' behaviours - valuation shows ecosystem service have value of over 33 trillion USD per year