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conservatism Flashcards

1
Q

what is the core conservative belief on human nature?

A

take negative view on human nature and often described as philosophy of imperfection.. human nature is a fixed constant

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2
Q

what is the belief of organicism? (society)

A

society is something that emerges gradually and organically. conservatives see reality as organic society and subject to forces outside human control. society is like a plant, growing in a way that can’t be predicted

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3
Q

what is the belief of empiricism? (Society)

A

deal with society’s issues in a practical way and is a society that merely needs to stay afloat rather than to a certain area

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4
Q

what is the belief of tradition? (society)

A

customs and habits provide security in uncertain times, with experience shaping what changes are necessary. change and reform is inevitable but must be slow and respectful of the past

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5
Q

what is the belief of hierarchy? (society)

A

society is unequal in nature where the stronger and more intelligent establish a hierarchy. burke claims that smallest of communities have a hierarchy.
there should be a paternal attitude towards society where the stronger care for the weaker (noblesse oblige)

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6
Q

what is the belief of property (Society)

A

closely tied to support for tradition and continuity. property is something inherited and is partnership for those who are living and dead.
it also gives people a steak in society and would mean others would respect others property to deter crime

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7
Q

what is the core conservative belief on the state?

A

the states main goal is to provide order, security and authority. prefer a state that emerges gradually and unwritten constitutions provide organic change.
believe there are some born to rule and have a ruling class.

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8
Q

what is the core conservative belief on the economy?

A

conservatism defends inequality and hierarchy. belief of lassez faire capitalism. traditional conservatives are capitalisms reluctant supporters, as it needs to believe in free market forces which goes against idea of human nature

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9
Q

what do traditional conservatives believe on human nature?

A

humans are imperfect and and humans are more likely to fail than succeed

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10
Q

what do traditional conservatives believe on society?

A

Traditional conservatives believe that society should not be interfered with or radically altered. It should be founded on secure institutions and continuing attitudes throughout society over time.

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11
Q

what do traditional conservatives believe on the state?

A

Traditional conservatives believe that the state should be governed over by powerful, natural leaders without restraint on their powers by parliaments or constitutions. Should preserve order and authority.

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12
Q

what do traditional conservatives believe on the economy?

A

dubbed “capitalisms reluctant supporters”, they recognise an assault on capitalism is attack on property and hierarchy. however are sceptical of free markets left alone as it requires an optimistic view of market forces

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13
Q

what is one-nation conservatism?

A

conservatives should prioritise national unity by attending to condition of society’s poorer classes. it is used to justify greater state intervention in society and the economy

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14
Q

what do one nation conservatives believe about paternalism?

A

Disraeli said the aristocracy had a paternalistic duty to elevate the condition of the people. from this social progress can be achieved

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15
Q

what do one nation believe on hierarchy?

A

hierarchy should be maintained socially and economically to reward those at the top and maintain privilege, but inequalities should be reduced

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16
Q

what are one nation beliefs towards state intervention?

A

they favour more state intervention and state sponsored social reform. the see laissez faire individualism as enemy of one nation. was associated with tampering with it on behalf of workers

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17
Q

what is the objective of Neo-liberalism?

A

to extend individual freedom by rolling back the frontiers of the state in order to create free market economy

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18
Q

what are the key beliefs of Neo liberalism?

A

reduction in tax, tighter control of govt spending, end to dependancy culture, deregulation and privatisation of industry and neutering of trade unions

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19
Q

how does Friedrich von Hayek view the economy?

A

Hayek says unemployment has natural levels and that the amount of circulated money should be controlled rather than manipulated, keeping interest rates constant

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20
Q

why do Neo liberals oppose welfare state?

A

they believe it creates a dependancy culture in which people rely on benefits to survive, rather than working hard for own benefit. the heavy taxation needed for welfare does not reward wealth creation

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21
Q

what is Neo Liberal approach to human nature?

A

more optimistic about human nature

22
Q

what is Neo conservatism?

A

an intensely socially conservative branch of the new right

23
Q

what are key Neo conservative beliefs?

A

tough approach to law and order, more robust approach to national defence, less tolerant on immigration, anti permissive social (promoting traditional family values)

24
Q

what is Neo Liberal belief on society?

A

society is atomised, all individuals exist on their own, they act on their own interests rather than altruistically

25
Q

how do Neo Liberals argue that free markets lead to social order?

A

Free-market economics can provide social order as the lack of regulation or unionisation means that workers are submissive to their bosses (above them in a social hierarchy) as they cannot strike or push for wage increases, and therefore means that a strict and ordered social hierarchy is maintained.

26
Q

Why is the liberal new right anti-statist?

A

The liberal new right is anti-statist due to its belief that the existence of a state restricts the liberty and empowerment of individuals. The state should therefore be minimised and provide only basic services to maximise individual liberty.

27
Q

How is the new right compatible with the ideas of traditional conservatives?

A

The new right has similar economic ideas to traditional conservatism in the form of free-market economics, as well as a belief in ordered social hierarchy. A strong and central authority should also be used to rule autocratically in both neo-conservative and traditional conservative thought

28
Q

How do the ideas of the new right conflict with traditional conservatism?

A

Neo-liberalism places a much greater emphasis on global views of trade and enterprise, as well as on individualism, whereas traditional conservatism takes a more isolationist view of trade and believe in central and authoritarian power over the governed.

29
Q

what does Thomas Hobbes believe on human nature?

A

cynical approach: individuals are selfish and driven by relentless desire for supremacy and security

30
Q

what does Thomas Hobbes believe on the state?

A

the state arises contractually from individuals who Seek order and security, to serve its purpose the state must be autocratic and run by elite

31
Q

what does Thomas Hobbes believe on society?

A

there can be no society until the creation of the state brings order and authority to human affairs. until then life is nasty, brutish and short

32
Q

what does Thomas Hobbes believe on the economy?

A

constructive and enduring economic activity is impossible without a state guaranteeing order

33
Q

what does Edmund burke believe on human nature?

A

sceptical approach: the ‘crooked timber of humanity’ is marked by a gap between aspiration and achievement. we may conceive of perfection but we are unable to achieve it

34
Q

what does Edmund burke believe on the state?

A

the state arises organically and should be aristocratic, driven by a hereditary elite, born to rule in interests of all

35
Q

what does Edmund burke believe on society?

A

society is organic and comprising of small communities called little platoons

36
Q

what does Edmund burke believe on the economy?

A

trade should involve organic free markets and laissez faire capitalism

37
Q

what does Michale Oakeshott believe on human nature?

A

modest approach: humanity is at its best when free from grand designs and when focused on routines of everyday life

38
Q

what does Michale Oakeshott believe on the state?

A

the state should be guided by tradition and practical concerns. pragmatism not dogmatism should be its watchword

39
Q

what does Michale Oakeshott believe on society?

A

localised communities are essential to humanities survival especially when guided by short term requirements rather than abstract ideas

40
Q

what does Michale Oakeshott believe on the economy?

A

free markets are volatile and unpredictable and may require pragmatic moderation by the state

41
Q

what does Ayn Rand believe on human nature?

A

objectivist approach: we are and ought to be guided by rational self interest and the pursuit of self fulfilment

42
Q

what does Ayn Rand believe on the state?

A

the state should confine itself to law and order and national security. the state should not promote positive liberty or further intervention

43
Q

what does Ayn Rand believe on society?

A

society is atomistic, a mere sum total of all individuals, any attempt to restrict individuals in the name of society should be resisted

44
Q

what does Ayn Rand believe on the economy?

A

free market capitalism is an expression of individualism and should not be hindered by the state

45
Q

what does Robert Nozick believe on human nature?

A

egotistical approach: individuals are driven by quest for self ownership allowing them to realise full potential

46
Q

what does Robert Nozick believe on the state?

A

the minarchist state should merely outsource, renew and allocate contracts to private companies providing public service

47
Q

what does Robert Nozick believe on society?

A

society should be geared to individual self fulfilment. this may lead to many small communities reflecting their members diverse tastes

48
Q

what does Robert Nozick believe on the economy?

A

the minarchist state should detach itself from a privatised, deregulated economy, merely settling disputes between private economic organisations

49
Q

what quote does Michael Oakeshott say about human understanding of the world?

A

the world is “boundless and bottomless”

50
Q

what is moral imperfection?

A

humans are naturally selfish and are tainted by original sin. crime is therefore a product of human instinct not inequality, this justifies a string government which is tough on crime

51
Q

what is psychological imperfection?

A

humans naturally seek security as we fear instability and so want social order. we should be sceptical of liberty as it provides uncertainty

52
Q

what is intellectual imperfection?

A

the world is too complicated for humans to fully grasp, we should be suspicious of ideas that claim to understand as it cannot be understood. should ground ideas in tradition and experience

ideologies (3 decks)

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