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history - the tudors > consolidation of power > Flashcards

consolidation of power Flashcards

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1
Q

What event led to Henry VII’s ascension to the throne?

A

Henry Tudor became King Henry VII following his victory over Richard III’s forces at the Battle of Bosworth on 22 August 1485.

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2
Q

What was the significance of Henry VII’s victory at the Battle of Bosworth?

A

His victory terminated Plantagenet rule in England and established the Tudor dynasty.

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3
Q

Why was Henry VII’s grasp of power considered insecure?

A

Henry VII had virtually no discernible claim to the throne and faced many enemies eager to see him fail.

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4
Q

How did Henry VII consolidate his power?

A

He needed to establish his dynasty and deal firmly with any rivals to the throne.

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5
Q

What was weak about Henry VII’s claim to the throne?

A

His claim was weak because he was descended through the female line via his mother, Lady Margaret.

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6
Q

Where did Henry’s line come from?

A

John of Gaunt’s third wife: their son John Beaufort had been born before their marriage and therefore was seen as illegitimate.

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7
Q

Why did Henry VII become a claimant to the Lancastrian throne?

A

There was no one else who could fulfil the role.

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8
Q

Who proclaimed Henry VII king on the battlefield?

A

Lord Stanley.

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9
Q

When did Henry visit London?

A

3rd September 1485

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10
Q

What was the London public reaction to Henry visiting London?

A

They were wooed by pageantry and ceremony, cheering for their new monarch.

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11
Q

Who was Thomas Stanley?

A

Henry VII stepfather who initially stood beside him in battle.

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12
Q

How did Henry reward Thomas Stanley?

A

He was rewarded with the title Earl of Derby, Derby was crucial to exercise the royal power in the northwest of England and north Wales during Henry’s reign.

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13
Q

What was Henry VII’s upbringing like?

A

Henry VII had not been brought up to rule.

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14
Q

What significant event occurred in 1471?

A

In 1471, Edward IV regained power for the House of York in the Battle of Tewkesbury.

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15
Q

What happened to many of Henry’s relations during the Battle of Tewkesbury?

A

Many of Henry’s relations, the Lancastrians, died or were executed.

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16
Q

Where did Henry flee after the Battle of Tewkesbury?

A

Henry fled to France, where he lived for most of the time as a fugitive in the Duchy of Brittany.

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17
Q

How did Thomas Penn view Henry’s experience as a fugitive?

A

Thomas Penn believed Henry’s ability to think like a fugitive proved to be useful political training for his future as a ruler.

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18
Q

What was Henry VII’s main purpose from 1485?

A

Henry’s main purpose was to ensure that he kept his throne.

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19
Q

What was Henry VII mindful of regarding previous monarchs?

A

He was mindful that four monarchs from the previous hundred years had met untimely ends.

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20
Q

What was Henry VII’s primary aim at the start of his reign?

A

His primary aim was to consolidate his power.

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21
Q

How did Henry VII consolidate his power?

A

He consolidated his power through a number of political actions combined with military success.

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22
Q

Who was Edward, Earl of Warwick?

A

The son of Edward IV’s brother, the Duke of Clarence, he was placed in the Tower of London in 1485 and was beheaded in 1499 for plotting against Henry VII.

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23
Q

What date did Henry VII date his reign from?

A

21 August 1485, the day before the Battle of Bosworth.

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24
Q

What was the significance of the date Henry VII chose for his reign?

A

It allowed him to designate anyone who fought on the Yorkist side as a traitor.

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25
How did Henry VII reward his key supporters?
He conferred 11 knighthoods.
26
Who were detained by Henry VII to secure his power?
Elizabeth of York and Edward IV's nephew, the Earl of Warwick.
27
What key appointments did Henry VII make?
He made Sir Reginald Bray Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Sir William Stanley Chamberlain of the Household.
28
Who was Sir William Stanley?
The brother of Thomas Stanley and Henry VII's step-uncle, rewarded with the post of Lord Chamberlain after Bosworth.
29
What is parliamentary sanction?
An official confirmation or ratification of a law given by Parliament as the acclaimed body of the State.
30
What is an Act of Attainder?
It declared a landowner guilty of rebelling against a monarch, resulting in the loss of title, lands, and sometimes life.
31
What does tonnage and poundage refer to?
The right to raise revenue for the whole reign from imports and exports.
32
When did Henry VII arrange his coronation?
On 30 October, before the meeting of his first Parliament on 7 November.
33
What was the purpose of the Acts of Attainder against Yorkists?
To ensure their property was forfeit to the Crown, increasing royal income.
34
What significant marriage did Henry VII arrange in January 1486?
He married Elizabeth of York, the daughter of King Edward IV.
35
What was the significance of the Tudor rose?
It combined the red rose of Lancaster with the white rose of York, symbolizing the union of the two houses.
36
What event in September 1489 was vital for Henry VII's dynasty?
The birth of an heir to the throne, Prince Arthur.
37
What was Henry's position regarding the Tudor dynasty?
Henry's position was extremely insecure due to Yorkist opposition and potential claimants to the throne.
38
Who were the potential Yorkist claimants to the throne?
The earls of Warwick and Lincoln, Edward IV's nephews.
39
What complicating factor did Henry face from Margaret of Burgundy?
Margaret of Burgundy, sister of Edward IV and Richard III, never reconciled to the Tudor takeover and had access to funds to support Yorkist claimants.
40
What was the first rising against Henry and when did it occur?
The first rising against Henry occurred at Easter, 1486, led by Francis, Viscount Lovell, and Humphrey Stafford.
41
What was the outcome of the rising led by Lovell and Stafford?
Lovell escaped, but Humphrey Stafford was captured and executed; his brother Thomas was pardoned.
42
What does the lack of enthusiasm for the Yorkist rising indicate?
It indicates that there was little support for a Yorkist rising in their traditional heartlands at that stage.
43
What would later rebellions, promoted by Margaret of Burgundy, prove to be?
Later rebellions would prove to be more problematic.
44
What was the main realization of the Yorkists after the Lovell rebellion?
They needed a change in strategy to successfully remove Henry VII.
45
What were the two key aspects the Yorkists needed for their strategy?
A figurehead who could claim to be a Yorkist prince and financial support to generate a military threat.
46
Who was the figurehead chosen by the Yorkists?
Lambert Simnel.
47
What was Lambert Simnel being passed off as?
The Earl of Warwick, who had been imprisoned by Henry.
48
What event took place in May 1487 involving Simnel?
He was crowned as King Edward in Ireland.
49
Who put together the conspiracy to support Simnel?
John de la Pole, the Earl of Lincoln.
50
What action did Henry VII take in response to Simnel's claim?
He exhibited the real Earl of Warwick in London.
51
Where did Lincoln flee after leaving Henry VII's court?
To the court of Margaret of Burgundy in the Netherlands.
52
What did Margaret of Burgundy do to support Simnel?
She agreed to pay for a force of mercenaries to invade England.
53
How did Henry VII prepare for the rebellious conspiracy?
He reinstated the Earl of Northumberland to neutralize Richard III's power base.
54
What was the significance of the Earl of Northumberland's reinstatement?
It helped neutralize Richard's old power base and deter the Yorkist Howard family from joining the conspiracy.
55
What defensive measures did Henry VII take in East Anglia?
He reinforced coastal defenses.
56
Where did the rebels land in England?
On the northwest coast in Cumberland.
57
What was the rebels' goal after landing in Cumberland?
To drum up support in Richard III's old heartland in the North Riding of Yorkshire.
58
How did the Yorkist gentry of the North Riding respond to the rebellion?
They were reluctant to commit to the rebellion.
59
Who was Lambert Simnel?
Simnel was a boy from Oxford who was tutored in courtly manners.
60
Who tutored Lambert Simnel?
A priest named Richard Symonds tutored him.
61
What was the initial intention of Lambert Simnel's tutoring?
The intention was to impersonate Richard, Duke of York.
62
Which figure did Lambert Simnel switch to impersonating?
He soon switched to impersonating the Earl of Warwick.
63
What happened to Lambert Simnel at the Battle of Stoke?
He was captured at the Battle of Stoke.
64
What did Henry VII do with Lambert Simnel after his capture?
Henry VII spared him and gave him a job in the royal kitchens.
65
What was the significance of the Battle of Stoke Field in 1487?
Henry's victory at the Battle of Stoke Field was very significant. It marked the end of the Wars of the Roses and made Henry's position safer, though not completely secure.
66
Who led Henry's army at the Battle of Stoke Field?
The Earl of Oxford effectively led Henry's army at the Battle of Stoke Field.
67
What happened to the Earl of Lincoln during the Battle of Stoke Field?
The Earl of Lincoln was killed in the battle and was unable to add sufficient followers to his army of mercenaries.
68
What was Henry's approach to those who rebelled against him after the battle?
Henry was relatively mild in his treatment of many rebels, which weakened the resolve of many Yorkists to oppose him.
69
What are bonds of good behaviour?
Bonds of good behaviour were used by Henry to ensure well-behaved landowners, preventing their financial ruin.
70
What was the role of mercenaries in the context of the Battle of Stoke Field?
Mercenaries were hired soldiers who worked simply for pay and had no specific commitment to the cause for which they were fighting.
71
Who was John de la Pole?
John de la Pole was a nephew of Edward IV and Richard III, and was regarded as the Yorkist leader after Bosworth.
72
What is household government in the medieval context?
A system of governance where the head of a household, invariably an adult male, had authority over the property, labour, and mobility of everyone living on his land.
73
Who was Perkin Warbeck?
A cloth trader from Tournai in Flanders who claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, and posed a threat to Henry VII over eight years.
74
What was the significance of Warbeck's foreign patronage?
It transformed him from an irritant to a potentially serious threat, demonstrating the fragility of Henry's position.
75
When did Warbeck begin to impersonate Richard, Duke of York?
In 1491, he began his impersonation in Ireland.
76
What happened to Warbeck after his appearance at the court of Charles VIII of France?
He was forced to flee to the court of Margaret of Burgundy, where he was trained as a potential Yorkist prince.
77
What was the outcome of Warbeck's first attempt to land in England in 1495?
It proved to be a fiasco, as he was quickly defeated after being informed on by Sir Robert Clifford.
78
Who was Sir William Stanley?
Henry's step-uncle and potential traitor, who was Lord Chamberlain and headed the royal household.
79
What did Christine Carpenter suggest about Henry's vulnerability?
The conspiracy revealed Henry at his most vulnerable in the very place where he should have been most secure.
80
What happened in 1496 regarding Warbeck's efforts?
A small Scottish force crossed the border on Warbeck's behalf but quickly retreated after James IV gave in to Henry's marriage offer.
81
What was Warbeck's final attempt to claim the English throne?
He tried to exploit the uncertainties created by the Cornish Rebellion in 1497, but his forces were crushed.
82
What was Henry's initial response to Warbeck after his surrender?
He allowed Warbeck to stay at court but later confined him to the Tower after an escape attempt.
83
What was the fate of Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick?
Both were accused of treason, tried, and executed.
84
What was the political significance of the Earl of Warwick's execution?
It was convenient for Henry as Warwick was a potential Yorkist claimant to the throne.
85
Who were the final pieces of dynastic security?
Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, and Richard de la Pole, younger brothers of the Earl of Lincoln.
86
What happened to Suffolk in 1498?
Suffolk fled to Flanders.
87
Why did Suffolk return after his exile?
He was persuaded to return after a short exile.
88
Where did Suffolk seek refuge in 1501?
At the court of the Emperor Maximilian.
89
When was the Treaty of Windsor signed?
In 1506.
90
What was a consequence of the Treaty of Windsor for Suffolk?
Maximilian agreed to give up Suffolk, who was imprisoned in the Tower of London.
91
What action did Henry VII take against Suffolk?
He took no further action against him.
92
What happened to Suffolk under Henry VIII?
He was executed for treason in 1513.
93
What was Richard de la Pole's nickname?
The 'White Rose'.
94
What happened to Richard de la Pole in 1525?
He was killed fighting for the French forces at the Battle of Pavia.

history - the tudors (6 decks)

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