Consolidation Of Power And Govt 1558-1603

Question 1

What were Elizabeth’s short term aims as queen at the start of her reign?

Answer 1

-to consolidate her position
-to settle religious issues
-to pursue a peaceful settlement with the French

Question 2

Why was her childhood traumatic?

Answer 2

-her father was disappointed because she was a woman
-her mum was killed by her dad
-she was made illigitemate by her father
-Thomas Seymour was said to have raped Elizabeth Becayse he wanted to marry her and have a claim to throne

Question 3

How was Elizabeth included in the Wyatt rebellion in Mary’s reign?

Answer 3

Wyatt wanted to replace Mary with Elizabeth as queen

Question 4

What problems did Elizabeth inherit?

Answer 4

-bad harvests
-coinage debasement
-flu epidemic
-religious upheaval
-French undermined her legitimacy
-loss of Calais

Question 5

What was William Cecil appointed as?

Answer 5

Principal secretary

Question 6

What did she do at the start of her reign that all new monarchs did?

Answer 6

-Emerged from the Tower of London to show herself to new subjects
-went on royal proceedings

Question 7

What was her coronation like?

Answer 7

-people were much happier than at Mary’s coronation
-she was welcomed by citizens
-given a bible in English and welcomed as ‘Deborah-the judge and restorer of Isreal’
-she received flowers from the humblest of subjects

Question 8

How much did her coronation cost?

Answer 8

£16,000- 8% of royal income

Question 9

What were the 2 parts to Elizabeth’s religious settlement 1559?

Answer 9

-Act of supremacy passed which rejected Papal authority and made her ‘supreme governor of the church’-also forced clergy to swear an oath of loyalty to her
-Act of uniformity passed which set out rules about appearance of church- eg communion table instead of alter however crosses and candles could still be put on(to please catholics)

Question 10

What was the royal injunctions of 1559?

Answer 10

-there were 57
-including preachers had to be licensed and every church had to have a bible in English

Question 11

What was the 1559 prayer book?

Answer 11

-agreed on a single set of doctrine ending feud with catholics and Protestants
-fused 2 prayer books together to make both catholics and Protestants happy

Question 12

What was the difference between the catholic and Protestant meaning of the changing of bread and wine?

Answer 12

• catholic thought it actually turned into body and blood of Jesus
  -Protestant thought it was a representation of body and blood

Question 13

What were the 39 articles 1563?

Answer 13

It welded more parts of Protestant and catholic ideas into one that was seen as acceptable to most people

Question 14

examples of people not accepting the religious settlement:

Answer 14

-400 clergy lost or resigned their livings because they woukdnt accept it
-some ministers ignored the common prayer and stuck to catholic worship
- a survey said that only half of JP’s could be relied on to support the settlement

Question 15

What was the act of exchange 1559?

Answer 15

Elizabeth took over property owned by bishops and forced them to rent the land only to her- more of a threat

Question 16

Who was a recusant?
Who was a Jesuit?
Who was a separist?

Answer 16

-people who refused to attend church regularly(fined 1 shilling each time)
-dedicated to serving pope
-broke away from church to peruse new reformation because Church of England wasn’t radical enough

Question 17

What did the pope tell catholics in England to do in 1567?

Answer 17

Instructed English catholics to not attend church services

Question 18

What year did Mary queen of Scot’s arrive in England?

Answer 18

1568

Question 19

Examples of people trying to turn back to Catholicism?
-priests
-pope?
-France?

Answer 19

-1469 a training college for priests was founded by William Allen in Netherlands to train missionaries to go to England to support catholics
-pope excommunicated her in 1570- told catholics not to listen to her
-st bartholomews day massacre 1572- slaughtered Protestants

Question 20

What happened in the northern rebellion 1569?

Answer 20

-led by earl of Northumberland and westmoreland and Norfolk
-Norfolk wanted to marry Mary queen of Scot’s
-they had connections with the pope and Spain for military support
-Elizabeth found out and forbade the marriage and Norfolk was sent to the tower
-westM and northUm led a rebellion and replaced the Protestant communion table with catholic symbols and restored catholic mass
-they failed to gain support and the arms marched to meet them
-rebels fled to Scotland

Question 21

What was the treason act 1571

Answer 21

It made the denial of Elizabeth’s supremacy or agreeing with the popes excommunication punishable by death

Question 22

Who was Edmund campion and what did he do?

Answer 22

-Jesuit
-preached about Catholicism

Question 23

What happened in the arrival
Of the missionary priests?

Answer 23

-arrived from the Netherlands
-trained by William Allen
-by 1590s there were over 100
-moved around in secret and lived with catholic families

Question 24

What was done about the catholic threat 1580s?

Answer 24

-priest were executed for denying the royal supremacy
-campion was executed in 1581

Question 25

Punishments imposed on catholics?

Answer 25

-saying mass got you a fine of 200 marks and a years imprisonment -failure to attend church- £20 a month fine -In Liz’s reign nearly 150 catholic priests ere executed

Question 26

What was the act against Jesuit seminary priests and other disobedient persons?

Answer 26

Meant catholic priests were to leave the country within 40 days but if they stayed it would be considered high treason and they would be executed

Question 27

What % of people still had catholic sympathies by 1603?

Answer 27

-10% -2% were active recusants

Question 28

Eg of presbytarian criticism?

Answer 28

- attacked the book of common prayer and wanted to abolish bishops

Question 29

Who were the 2 people involved in the pamphlet war for and against presbytarians?

Answer 29

-Thomas Cartwright -John whitgift

Question 30

Who were the 2 most likley suitors for Elizabeth?

Answer 30

-Robert dudley -Francis Duke of Anjou

Question 31

Why was Elizabeth being pressured to marry?

Answer 31

-she needed an heir -needed a husband to be fully legitimate

Question 32

Why didn’t she marry Dudley even though he was her favourite?

Answer 32

His wife mysteriously died at the bottom of some stairs and people thought she killed her so she could marry dudley

Question 33

What was the treaty of Cateau cambresis 1559?

Answer 33

-England and France reached an agreement that the French would have Calais for 8 years and then after if England kept the peace it would be English again. -if France failed to return Calais they would pay 125k

Question 34

What was her royal court like?

Answer 34

-was a place of patronage -it followed her on her progresses -had 2 parts: the presence chamber(most people had access) and privy chamber(more private) -courtiers turned into politicians and politicians turned into courtiers

Question 35

What was the role of her royal court?

Answer 35

-it was the hub of social and political life -the lines between courtly life and social life was blurred -she employed people who flattered and attracted her

Question 36

Role of privy council?

Answer 36

-offered advice to monarch -administered public policy -acted as a royal court of law

Question 37

Who were her main ministers?

Answer 37

-William Cecil(lord burghley)was her key minister-dominated council -Robert Dudley joined the council- her favourite -Francis walsingham(Protestant) -Christopher hatton(more conservative)

Question 38

What was the system of patronage?

Answer 38

-needed to maintain loyalty -gave favours and titles to people who were loyal but made sure it was to a wide circle so people didn’t feel left out -gifted land too -gifted monopolies eg sweet wine- however was unpopular as it created rivalry and jealousy

Question 39

How many members did the council have by 1597?

Answer 39

11 members

Question 40

What were some problems in her council in the later 1580s?

Answer 40

- a few of her ministers died at a similar time and she was slow to replace them -she relied on the sons of ministers who lacked their fathers skills -the council lacked senior noblemen so her council no longer included the countries most important families -she didn’t allow burghley to retire so his effectiveness decreased in 1590’s -rivalry between Robert Cecil and earl of Essex

Question 41

What was her parliament like? -acts? -sessions? Bills? -imprisonment?

Answer 41

-altogether 438 acts wee passed -13 parliamentary sessions were held in her reign,2 of which were to grant revenue -she got annoyed when they woukd discuss her succession and marriage-eh she imprisoned Peter wentworth -she refused 60 bills in her reign

Question 42

What was her golden speech 1601?

Answer 42

Was delivered in the final parliamentary session of her reign and many MPs left the chamber in tears

Question 43

What were some royal financial problems?

Answer 43

-prices of basic items rose -government goods such as iron rose

Question 44

What were some ways in which finance was improved?

Answer 44

-new book of rates(Mary implemented) raised money on exports -liz claimed income from religious sources that used to go to church -crown lands were sold off and made £800k -monopoly rights were sold to merchants

Question 45

What was her local/regional govt like?

Answer 45

-relied on unpaid men to keep control and they accepted the heavier work load because of the status it gave -govt interfered in local communities for eg to instruct priests or to issue poor relief but it wasn’t always welcome -JPS maintained law-50 per county by 1600 -however they would sometimes not implement things because they lived in the community -Lord lieutenants managed the raising of troops and supervise JPS

Question 46

How did Elizabeth keep her image?

Answer 46

-she traveled on royal progresses-at least 25 in her reign -she had to be careful with money-relied on gifts from courtiers as parliament only gave her £40k a year -13 poor men at palace gates would be given 2p every day-good for image -her reluctance not to marry gave her title ‘virgin queen’ and her priority was the country -portraits of her portrayed her as young and powerful

Question 47

What was she like with her succession?

Answer 47

She didn’t name an heir because she feared all her couriers would drift towards James to gain his favour