Consonant Flashcards
(16 cards)
What are bilabial sounds?
Involve upper and lower lips, e.g. [p b m w].
Bilabial sounds are produced by bringing both lips together.
What are labiodental sounds?
Involve upper teeth and lower lip, e.g. [f v].
Labiodental sounds are articulated by placing the lower lip against the upper teeth.
What are (inter)dental sounds?
Involve the tip of the tongue between upper and lower teeth, e.g. [θ ð].
(Inter)dental sounds are produced by placing the tongue between the teeth.
What are alveolar sounds?
Involve the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, e.g. [t d n s z l].
Alveolar sounds are articulated at the ridge just behind the upper front teeth.
What are palato-alveolar sounds?
Involve the blade of the tongue and the area between alveolar ridge and the palatum, e.g. [ʧ ʤ].
Palato-alveolar sounds are produced in the region just behind the alveolar ridge.
What are palatal sounds?
Involve the blade of the tongue and the palatum, e.g. [j].
Palatal sounds are articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate.
What are velar sounds?
Involve the back of the tongue and the velum, e.g. [k g ŋ].
Velar sounds are produced with the back of the tongue against the soft part of the roof of the mouth.
What are glottal sounds?
Involve the glottis, e.g. [h ʔ].
Glottal sounds are produced at the vocal folds (glottis).
What are plosives?
Consist of three phases: 1) complete closure, 2) pressure build-up, 3) release. E.g. [p b t d k g].
Plosives are produced by obstructing airflow then releasing it suddenly.
What are nasals?
Oral tract is completely closed, but the velum is lowered; air escapes through the nose. E.g. [m n ŋ].
Nasal sounds are made with the mouth closed and airflow through the nose.
What are fricatives?
The oral tract is not completely closed; air escapes with friction. E.g. [f v θ s z].
Fricatives create a turbulent airflow due to a narrow constriction.
What are affricates?
Combination of an incomplete plosive with a homorganic fricative. E.g. [tʃ dʒ].
Affricates start as plosives but release into fricatives.
What are approximants?
Oral tract is wider open than for fricatives; air escapes without friction. E.g. [w j l].
Approximants are similar to vowels and are sometimes referred to as semi-vowels.
What are laterals?
Air escapes along the sides of the tongue; the only lateral sound in English is [l].
Lateral sounds are produced by allowing air to flow around the sides of the tongue.
What are voiced sounds?
Produced by moving vocal chords close together; air causes them to vibrate. E.g. [b m ð z].
Voiced sounds include all sounds where the vocal cords vibrate.
What are voiceless sounds?
Produced by moving vocal chords apart; air causes no vibrations. E.g. [p f t k].
Voiceless sounds are articulated without vocal cord vibration.
