consonants

Question 1

what happens when you speak?

Answer 1

1. air is exhaled from lungs through oral and nasal cavities
2. air flows through larynx
3. stream is modified on the way out
   vocal folds (in the larynx) produce voice

Question 2

voiced

Answer 2

vocal folds are held together and they vibrate

Question 3

voiceless

Answer 3

vocal folds do not vibrate

Question 4

bilabial

Answer 4

the two lips close to block the airstream /pit/

Question 5

labiodental

Answer 5

lower lip nearly touches the upper front teeth /fit/

Question 6

dental

Answer 6

tongue tip touches the front teeth or is close /thin/

Question 7

alveolar

Answer 7

tongue tip or blade touches or is near upper alveolar ridge /sin/

Question 8

postalveolar

Answer 8

most of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge and front of the hard palate /ship/

Question 9

palatal

Answer 9

front of the tongue articulates with the hard palate /yes/

Question 10

velar

Answer 10

back of the tongue is moved against soft palate /cool/

Question 11

glottal

Answer 11

vocal cords are brought into a constriction of close approximation /home/

Question 12

manner of articulation

Answer 12

refers to the way in which the airstream used for a speech sound is modified by the primary and secondary articulators

Question 13

stops/plosives phases

Answer 13

1. approach/closing: stricture for the plosive is formed
2. hold/compression: compressed air is stopped from escaping
3. release: articulators are moved so that air can escape
4. post-release: what happens immediately after the release phase

Question 14

stops/plosives characteristics

Answer 14

a) Complete closure of the vocal tract prevents airflow.
b) Air is compressed behind the closure and then released.
c) If released under pressure, it produces a noise (plosion).
d) Voicing may occur during part or all of the articulation.

Question 15

fortis

Answer 15

pronounced with strong force (voiceless plosives) p,k,t

Question 16

lenis

Answer 16

pronounced with weak force (voiced plosives) b,g,d

Question 17

positions of plosives

Answer 17

1. initial position (C-V) /go/
   - little to no voicing during the compression phase
   - voicing can begin post-release when speaker pronounces b,g,d slowly
   - initials are distinguished by aspiration
2. medial position (V-C-V) /ago/
   - pronunciation depends on whether the syllable preceding and following are stressed
3. final position (V-C) /cap, dog/
   - vowels preceding voiceless plosives are shorter

Question 18

voice onset time

Answer 18

the duration of the period of time between the release of a stop and the beginning of vocal fold vibration

Question 19

difference of voiced and voiceless stops

Answer 19

a) vowel length
vowels & some conson. are shortened before > fortis
vowels are longer in final pos. and before > lenis
b) aspiration
fortis stops are aspirated in certain positions /pin, cat/
lenis stops are never aspirated
c) glottalization
a glottal stop may occur before the fortis consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /tʃ/ /bottle/
but never before lenis consonants

Question 20

nasal stops

Answer 20

velum is lowered to allow escape of air through the nasal cavity, typically voiced

Question 21

voiced bilabial nasal stop

Answer 21

complete closure between the lips /map/ [m]

Question 22

voiced labio-dental nasal stop

Answer 22

complete closure between the lower lip and upper teeth occurs before labio-dental sounds /pamphlet/ [ɱ]

Question 23

voiced dental nasal stop

Answer 23

complete closure between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth occurs before dental sounds /tenth/ [n̪ ]

Question 24

voiced alveolar nasal stop

Answer 24

complete closure between the blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge /not/ [n]

Question 25

voiced velar nasal stop

Answer 25

complete closure between the back of the tongue and the velum /sing/ [ŋ]

Question 26

fricatives

Answer 26

produced with a very narrow opening between the active and passive articulators (close approximation) /f,v,s,z,θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ , h/

Question 27

labio-dental fricatives

Answer 27

lower lip is brought up to the upper teeth, [f] and [v]

Question 28

dental fricatives

Answer 28

tip of the tongue close to the upper teeth, [θ] and [ð]

Question 29

alveolar fricatives

Answer 29

tip or blade of the tongue brought up to the alveolar ridge, [s] and [z]

Question 30

palato-alveolar fricatives

Answer 30

blade of the tongue in close approximation with the palato-alveolar region, [ʃ] and [ʒ]

Question 31

glottal fricative

Answer 31

vocal cords in a construction of close approximation, producing friction, [h]

Question 32

(medial) approximants

Answer 32

Approximants are consonants for which the articulators approach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a complete closure (cf. plosives) or friction (cf. fricatives) (open approximation)

Question 33

voiced palatal approximant

Answer 33

front of the tongue close to the hard plate [j]

Question 34

voiced alveolar approximant

Answer 34

blade of the tongue close to the alveolar ridge [ɹ] /rat/

Question 35

voiced labial-velar approximant

Answer 35

lips are close together (no friction produced) + back of the tongue and velum are close [w]

Question 36

voiced alveolar lateral approximant

Answer 36

The tip of the tongue makes contact with the alveolar ridge [l]

Question 37

medial

Answer 37

air escapes along a central groove

Question 38

lateral

Answer 38

Air escapes over the tongue rims and out of the oral cavity, without becoming turbulent

Question 39

velarization

Answer 39

secondary articulation is velar /full, bottle/

Question 40

palatalization

Answer 40

secondary articulation is palatal /light/

Question 41

retroflex

Answer 41

the blade of the tongue comes into a momentary constriction of complete closure with the alveolar ridge -> voiced alveolar tap (or flap) /r/

Question 42

trills

Answer 42

trills are produced by holding the blade of the tongue next to the alveolar ridge in a construction of complete closure → air pressure builds up and forces it open → the air pressure reduced → muscular pressure creates a constriction of complete closure gerolltes /r/

Question 43

affricates

Answer 43

complete closure between the blade of the tongue and the palato-alveolar ridge (like a stop) -> release phase friction occurs [tʃ], [dʒ]

Question 44

voiceless palato-alveolar affricate

Answer 44

[tʃ] /chip/

Question 45

voiced palato-alveolar affricate

Answer 45

[dʒ] /joy/