Consonants Flashcards
(26 cards)
Voiceless /p/ - Bilabials - Plosives
*Spelt:p, pp.
* Silent “p”.
- p, pp - post - /pəʊst/; supper - /ˈsʌpə/
- silent - cupboard - /ˈkʌbəd/
- pull* - /pʊl/
- stop - /stɒp/
- apple - /ˈæpl/
Voiced /b/ - Bilabials - Plosives
* Spelt: b, bb.
* Silent “b”.
- b, bb - body - /ˈbɒdɪ/; rubber - /ˈrʌbə/
- silent “b” - comb - /kəʊm/; limb - /lɪm/; thumb - /θʌm/; debt - /det/; doubt - /daʊt/; subtle - /ˈsʌtl/
- bet - /bet/;
- about* - /əˈbaʊt/;
- beer - /bɪə/
Voiceless /t/ - Alveolar - Plosives
* Spelt: t, tt, th.
* -ed verbal past tenses and participles after voiceless consonants.
* Silent “t” - in middle positoin, when 1st consonant is “s”; at word juctions and in compounds.
-
t, tt, th: time - /taɪm/; written - /ˈrɪtn/;
Thames - /temz/; Thomas - /ˈtɒməs/ -
ed +voiceless c: tapped - /tæpt/;
coughed - /kɒft/; talked - /tɔːkt/ -
silent: listen - /ˈlɪsn/; castle - /ˈkɑːsl/;
Next Christmas - /nɛkst ˈkrɪsməs/;
postman - /ˈpəʊstmən/ - tree - /triː/; stop - /stɒp/; want - /wɒnt/
Voiced /d/ - Alveolar - Plosive
* Spelt d, dd.
* -ed in past tenses and past participles of all verbs ending in vowels or in voiced consonants other than “d”.
-
d, dd - bad - /bæd/;
paddle - /ˈpædl/ -
ed +vowel or v. cons., but not d:
frayed - /freɪd/; lived - /lɪvd/;
flogged - /flɒgd/ - door /dɔː/; food /fuːd/; said /sed/
Voiceless /k/ - Velar - Plosive
* Spelt k.
* c, cc followed by ‘a’, ‘o’, ‘u’,
a consonant or finally.
* ch, qu /kw/, x /ks/.
* silent.
- k - kind - /kaɪnd/; c, cc +a, o, u; c. or finally: cap - /ˈkæp/; cod - /kɒd/; fact - /fækt/; diabetic - /ˌdaɪəˈbetɪk/
- ch - school - /skuːl/; technical - /ˈteknɪkəl/
- qu - queue - /kjuː/; quickly - /ˈkwɪkli/
- x - oxen -/ˈɒksən/
- silent - muscle - /ˈmʌsl/; knight - /naɪt/
- walk /wɔːk/; dark /dɑːk/, cup /kʌp/
Voiced /g/ - Velar - Plosive
* Spelt g when followed by the voewls ‘a’, ‘o’, ‘u’, or a consonant or when final.
* Spelt gg.
* Some words spelt with ‘ge’ and ‘gi’.
* Silent.
-
g+a, o, u, c., or final: grouse - /graʊs/;
god - /gɒd/; log - /lɒg/ - gg - begged - /begd/; flogged - /flɒgd/
- ‘ge’ or ‘gi’ - get - /gɛt/; gild - /gɪld/
-
silent - gnat - /næt/; reign - /reɪn/;
signal - /ˈsɪgnl/ - grin /grɪn/; green /griːn/; girl /gɜːl/
Voiceless /tʃ/ - Palato-alveolar - Affricate
* Spelt ch.
* Also the spelling of unstressed -ture.
* Spelling of the suffix -tion preceded by s.
- ch - chain - /ʧeɪn/; catch - /kæʧ/
-
unstressed -ture - literature - /ˈlɪtərɪʧə/;
nature - /ˈneɪʧə/ - s+-tion - question - /ˈkwɛsʧən/
- teacher /ˈtiːʧə/; chair /ʧeə/: choice /ʧɔɪs/
Voiced /dʒ/ - Palato-alveolar - Affricate
* Spelt j.
* Spellings ‘ge’, ‘gi’ and ‘gy’.
* Also ‘dg’.
- j - joke - /ʧeɪn/; Jew - /kæʧ/
- ‘ge’, ‘gi’, ‘gy’ - gem - /ʤɛm/; giant - /ˈʤaɪənt/; gymnastic - /ʤɪmˈnæstɪk/
- ‘dg’ - judge - /ˈʤʌʤ/
- joke - /ʤəʊk/
- joy - /ʤɔɪ/
- lounge - /laʊnʤ/
/tr/ & /dr/ - Post-alveolar - Affricate
* /tr/ - Spelt tr.
- Medial unstressed position, vowel is suppressed.
* /dr/ - Spelt dr.
- Medial unstressed position, vowel is suppressed.
- ** /tr/**
- tr - train - /treɪn/; attract - /əˈtrækt/
- medial - history - /ˈhɪstərɪ/ -> /ˈhɪs_trɪ_/
- ** /dr/**
- dr - drain - /dreɪn/; address - /əˈdres/
- medial - boundary /ˈbaʊndərɪ/ /ˈbaʊn_drɪ_/
Bilabial /m/ - Nasal
* Spelt m.
* Silent in inital‘mn’.
-
m - monk - /mʌŋk/; came - /keɪm/;
comb - /kəʊm/ - initial ‘mn’ - mnemonic - /niːˈmɒnɪk/
- money /ˈmʌnɪ/; lamb /læm/; my /maɪ/
Alveolar /n/ - Nasal
* Spelling n.
- n - nine - /naɪn/
- grin - /grɪn/
- gree - /griː/
- nurse - /nɜːs/
Velar /ŋ/ - Nasal
* Spelling nk medially is always pronounced /ŋ/.
* Occurs medially and finally. NOT initially.
* ng medially may be pronounced hg or nh (eg.).
- ng - thing - /θɪŋ/
- nk - pink - /pɪŋk/; think - /θɪŋk/
- ng - hg/nh
- finger - /ˈfɪŋgə/; anger - /ˈæŋgə/;
- singer - /ˈsɪŋə/; hanger - /ˈhæŋə/
- sing /sɪŋ/; english /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/; drank /dræŋk/
Voiceless /f/ - Labio-dental - Fricative
* Spelling f, ff, ph.
* Also gh.
- f - flute - /fluːt/
- ff - affect - /əˈfɛkt/
- ph - photograph - /ˈfəʊtəgrɑːf/
-
gh - rough - /rʌf/; laugh - /lɑːf/;
cough - /kɒf/; though - /ðəʊ/ - four - /fɔː/; food - /fuːd/; fish - /fɪʃ/
Voiced /v/ - Labio-dental - Fricative
* Spelt v.
* Some pronounce “ph” as /v/.
- v - Dave - /deɪv/; vineyard - /ˈvɪnjəd/
-
ph as /v/ - nephew - /ˈnɛvju/;
Stephen - /ˈstiːvən/ - observer - /əbˈzɜːvə/
- vow - /vaʊ/
- vote - /vəʊt/
Voiceless /θ/ - Dental - Fricative
* Begining of a word (except pronouns: this, that, and the adverb then, therefore, etc),
* End of a word.
* Middle of a word between a consonant and a vowel.
* In plural words which end in ‘th’ preceded by a short vowel, a consonant or ‘r’.
- Beg. - think - /θɪŋk/
- End. - breath - /breθ/; mouth - /maʊθ/; south - /saʊθ/
- Bt c&v. - wealthy - /ˈwelθi/; strengthen - /ˈstreŋθən/
-
Plural. - Smiths - /smɪθs/; moths - /mɒθs/;
lengths - /leŋθs/; months - /mʌnθs/; births - /bɜːθs/;
hearths - /hɑːθs/ - earth - /ɜːθ/; thigh - /θaɪ/; throw - /θrəʊ/
Voiced /ð/ - Dental - Fricative
* Spelt ‘th’ in:
- pronouns and in: than, that, the, then, etc.
- middle of words and between vowels.
- followed by mute ‘e’.
- plurals of nouns containing a long vowel or a diphthong ending in ‘th’ but not preceded by ‘r’.
- pronouns: they - /ðeɪ/; & than - /ðæn/; that - /ðæt/; the - /ðɪ/; then - /ðen/
- midddle bt v.s: father - /ˈfɑːðə/; rather - /ˈrɑːðə/
- followed by mute ‘e’; clothe - /kləʊð/; bathe - /beɪð/
- pl. n. long v./dipht. -th: youths - /juːðs/; truths - /truːðz/; paths - /pɑːðz/; mouths - /maʊðz/
- there - /ðeə/; they - /ðeɪ/; bathe - /beɪð/
Voiceless /s/ - Alveolar - Fricative
* ‘s’ at the beginning of words.
* ‘s’ plural of nouns or third p.s. when preceding sound is voiceless consonant.
* ‘s’ endings such ‘-sive’, ‘-sity’.
* final ‘s’ preceded by ‘a’, ‘i’, ‘o’, ‘u’, ‘y’, when not mute.
* except inflected forms of nouns and verbs and single words such his and as.
- beg. - such - /sʌʧ/; sun - /sʌn/; son - /sʌn/
- pl, 3rd p.s. - rats - /ræts/; cats - /kæts/; cuts - /kʌts/
- -sive, -sity: extensive - /ɪksˈtensɪv/; diversity - /daɪˈvɜːsɪtɪ/
- final - gas - /gæs/; these - /ðiːs/
- except. - plays - /pleɪz/; was - /wɒz/; his - /hɪz/; as - /æz/
- stop - /stɒp/; sit - /sɪt/; fast - /fɑːst/
Voiced /z/ - Alveolar - Fricative
* Medial ‘s’.
* z, not initial s, ss.
* Final‘s’, plural suffix of nouns and 3rd p. preceded by vowel or voiced consonant.
* Inflected forms of nouns and verbs, and single words.
- medial - absolve - /əbˈzɒlv/
-
z, -s-, -s, ss - Zoe - /ˈzəʊɪ/; says - /sez/; posses - /ˈpɒsɪz/;
houses - /ˈhaʊzɪz/ -
final, pl. sufix, 3rd p. +voiced v./c. - bees - /biːz/;
clogs - /klɒgz/; has - /hæz/; does - /dʌz/ -
inflected, single words - plays - /pleɪz/; was - /wɒz/;
his - /hɪz/; as - /æz/ - observer /əbˈzɜːvə/; noise /nɔɪz/; president /ˈprezɪdənt/
Voiceless /ʃ/ - Palato-alveolar - Fricative
* Spelt sh.
* si, sci, c, ti +unstressed vowel or syllabic consonant.
* Also spelt ch.
- sh - shoe - /ʃuː/; show - /ʃəʊ/
-
si, sci, c, ti - extension - /ɪksˈtenʃən/
conscience - /ˈkɒnʃəns/; magician - /məˈʤɪʃən/
edition - /ɪˈdɪʃən/ -
ch - moustache - /məsˈtɑːʃ/;
machine - /məˈʃiːn/; chamois - /ˈʃæmwɑː/ - shoe - /ʃuː/; fish - /fɪʃ/; sure - /ʃʊə/
Voiced /ʒ/ - Palato-alveolar - Fricative
* Often in medial and final position.
* Written ’s’ and ‘si’.
* Also spelling ‘z’
-
s, si - usual - /ˈjuːʒʊəl/;
cohesion /kəʊˈhiːʒən/;
occasion /əˈkeɪʒən/ - z - seizure - /ˈsiːʒə/; azure - /ˈæʒə/
- casual - /ˈkæʒjʊəl/
- measure* - /ˈmeʒə/
- pleasure* - /ˈpleʒə/
Voiced /r/ - Post-alveolar frictionless continuant
* r + vowel = pronounced
* ending in r - not pronounced.
* linking ‘r’ - r + vowel in the same word or
following.
* pronounced in compounds.
* intrusive ‘r’ - between two words,
end in vowel + start in consonant
-
r+v. - red / red/; read /rɪd/; arrive /əˈraɪv/; hearing /ˈhirɪŋ/;
ray /reɪ/; rod /rɑd/ - ending r - car /kɑ:/; liver /ˈlɪvə/; there /ðeə/
- linking ‘r’ - bearing /ˈberɪŋ/; hearing /ˈhirɪŋ/
- compounds - over-acting /ˈoʊvər-ˈæktɪŋ/
- intrusive ‘r’ - The idea(r) of… /ði aɪˈdiəɑr ʌv/
- rule /rul/; grin /grɪn/; tree /triː/
/l/ Lateral Consonant
Lateral release, coloring a preceding plosive or turning a preceding long vowel into a non-standard diphthong.
* Clear l - only before vowels and before /j/.
* Dark ɬ - before consonants and finally.
* Voiceless l̥ - after ‘p’ or ‘k’ when in initial position.
- Clear l - lay - /leɪ/; lieu - /ljuː/
- Dark ɬ - little - /ˈlɪtɬ/; guild - /gɪɬd/
-
Voiceless l̥ - plough - /pl̥aʊ/; plait - /pl̥æt/;
clock - /kl̥ɒk/; clatter - /ˈkl̥ætə/ - pull - /pʊɬ/; love - /lʌv/; rule - /ruːɬ/
/h/ - Glottal Fricative
At the glottis level, friction noise bt the vocal cords, moving vocal cords from wide apart to close together -> friction.
* ‘h’ initially before vowels.
* ‘h’ medially.
* silent - any position; silent suffix such ‘ham’.
- initially - house - / haʊs/; head - /hed/
-
medially - inhabit - /ɪnˈhæbɪt/;
grasshopper - /ˈgrɑːsˌhɒpə/ -
silent - hour - /ˈaʊə/; honour - /ˈɒnə/;
exhibit - /ɪgˈzɪbɪt/; vehicle - /ˈviːɪkl/;
Fulham - /ˈfʊləm/; Clapham - /klæpəm/ - hot - /hɒt/; head - /hed/; heart - /hɑːt/
/ʔ/ - Glottal Stop
At the glottis, completely closed, air compressed behind them.
* Not considered consonant by RP, but it occurs when it precedes a vowel with great energy or when it reinforces /p, t, k/, also in cleft palate.
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