Consonants and Vowels

Question 1

Phoneme

Answer 1

Smallest unit in language that distinguishes meaning.

Question 2

Consonant

- characteristics

Answer 2

• Restrictions or closure in the vocal tract impeding the airstream
• Noise element, no harmonic vibration
• cannot be centre of a syllable

Question 3

Distinctive features of consonants

Answer 3

• place of articulation
• manner of articulation
• state of glottis

Question 4

Place of articulation

Answer 4

Describes exact place where the airstream is obstructed.

Question 5

Places of Articulation
- 8

Answer 5

• bilabial
• labiodental
• dental
• alveolar
• postalveolar
• palatal
• velar
• glottal

Question 6

Manner of articulation

Answer 6

Describes the type or degree of closure of the speech organs,
I.e. how the airstream is modified in the vocal tract

Question 7

Manner of articulation

Name all of them

Answer 7

• Plosive
• Fricative
• Affricate
• Nasal
• Lateral
• Approximant

Question 8

State of glottis

Answer 8

Voiced
Voiceless

Question 9

Voiced

Answer 9

Vibration of the vocal folds (vocal folds close together)

Question 10

Voiceless

Answer 10

No vibration of vocal folds (Vocal folds apart)

Question 11

/d/

Answer 11

Plosive, alveolar, voiced
E.g.: dog

E.g.: dog

Question 12

/p/

Answer 12

plosive, bilabial, voiceless
E.g.: pull

E.g.: pull

Question 13

/b/

Answer 13

Plosive, bilabial, voiced
E.g.: burn

E.g.: burn

Question 14

/t/

Answer 14

Plosive, alveolar, voiceless
E.g.: take

E.g.: take

Question 15

/k/

Answer 15

Plosive, velar, voiceless
E.g.: king

E.g.: king

Question 16

/g/

Answer 16

Plosive, velar, voiced
E.g.: get

E.g.: get

Question 17

/f/

Answer 17

Fricative, labiodental, voiceless
E.g.: fish

E.g.: fish

Question 18

/v/

Answer 18

Fricative, labiodental, voiced
E.g.: vain

E.g.: vain

Question 19

/θ/

Answer 19

Fricative, dental, voiceless
E.g.: thin

E.g.: thin

Question 20

/ð/

Answer 20

Fricative, dental, voiced
E.g.: there

E.g.: there

Question 21

/s/

Answer 21

Fricative, alveolar, voiceless
E.g.: sin

E.g.: sin

Question 22

/z/

Answer 22

Fricative, alveolar, voiced
E.g.: zoo

E.g.: zoo

Question 23

/ʃ/

Answer 23

Fricative, postalveolar, voiceless
E.g.: shine

E.g.: shine

Question 24

/ʒ/

Answer 24

Fricative, postalveolar, voiced
E.g.: rouge

E.g.: rouge

Question 25

/h/

Answer 25

Fricative, glottal, voiceless E.g.: high | E.g.: high

Question 26

/tʃ/

Answer 26

Affricate, postalveolar, voiceless E.g.: chair | E.g.: chair

Question 27

/dʒ/

Answer 27

Affricate, postalveolar, voiced E.g.: job | E.g.: bridge

Question 28

/m/

Answer 28

Nasal, bilabial, voiced E.g.: mouse

Question 29

/n/

Answer 29

Nasal, alveolar, voiced E.g.: noise | E.g.: nose

Question 30

/ɳ/

Answer 30

Nasal, velar, voiced E.g.: king | E.g.: king

Question 31

/l/

Answer 31

Lateral, alveolar, voiced E.g.: long | E.g.: long

Question 32

/w/

Answer 32

Approximant, bilabial, voiced E.g.: warn | E.g.: warn

Question 33

/r/

Answer 33

Approximant, postalveolar, voiced E.g.: red | E.g.: red

Question 34

/j/

Answer 34

Approximant, palatal, voiced E.g.: yes | E.g.: yes

Question 35

Vowel | - characteristics

Answer 35

- no obstruction of the airstream - harmonic vibration, no noise element - can be centre of a syllable

Question 36

Distinctive features of a vowel

Answer 36

- openess of the mouth - position of the tongue - long/ short

Question 37

Monophthong

Answer 37

No change in quality during articulation E.g.: /fɪt/ (fit) /ʃuːt/ (shoot)

Question 38

/iː/

Answer 38

Front, closed, long Monophthong E.g.: seat

Question 39

/ɪ/

Answer 39

Front, between closed and half-closed, short Monophthong E.g.: sit

Question 40

/ʊ/

Answer 40

Back, between closed and half closed, short Monophthong E.g.: foot, put

Question 41

/u:/

Answer 41

Back, closed, long Monophthong E.g.: food, boot

Question 42

/e/

Answer 42

Front, half-closed/ half-open, short Monophthong E.g.: set, pet

Question 43

/ɜ:/

Answer 43

Central, half-closed, long Monophthong E.g.: bird, heard

Question 44

/ə/

Answer 44

Central, half-open, short Monophthong E.g.: mother

Question 45

/ɔ:/

Answer 45

Back, between half-closed and half-open, long Monophthong E.g.: law

Question 46

/æ/

Answer 46

Front, open, short Monophthong E.g.: sat, pat

Question 47

/ʌ/

Answer 47

Central, open, short Monophthong E.g.: some, cut

Question 48

/ɑ:/

Answer 48

Back, open, long Monophthong E.g.: father

Question 49

/ɒ/

Answer 49

Back, open, short Monophthong E.g.: dog

Question 50

Diphthong

Answer 50

Change of quality within one syllable > both elements merge /meɪk/ (make) /ðeə/ (there) 1. Closing Diphthong 2. Centring Diphthong

Question 51

/eɪ/

Answer 51

Front, between half open and half-closed > front, closed, long Closing diphthong E.g.: mate, they, place

Question 52

/ʊə/

Answer 52

Back, closed > central, long Centring Diphthongs E.g.: sure, poor > strong tendency to replace Diphthong with the long Monophthong /ɔ:/

Question 53

/əʊ/

Answer 53

Central, between half-closed and half-open > back, closed, long Closing Diphthong E.g.: home, so

Question 54

/aɪ/

Answer 54

Central, Open > Front, closed, long Closing Diphthong E.g.: my/ time

Question 55

/aʊ/

Answer 55

Back, open > back, closed, long Closing Diphthong E.g.: house, town

Question 56

/ɔɪ/

Answer 56

Back, half-open > front, closed, long Closing Diphthong E.g.: boy, oil

Question 57

/ɪə/

Answer 57

Front, closed > central, long Centring Diphthong E.g.: here, dear

Question 58

/eə/

Answer 58

Front, half-open > central, long Centring Diphthong E.g.: There, air

Question 59

Closing Diphthong

Answer 59

- end in /ɪ, ʊ/

Question 60

Centring Diphthong

Answer 60

- end in /ə/

Question 61

Allophone

Answer 61

Different realizations of one phoneme | Notations: [ ]

Question 62

Lexical Morphemes

Answer 62

Carry an independent meaning | E.g.: {-er} {un-} {dog}

Question 63

Grammatical Morphemes

Answer 63

Express grammatical relations | E.g.: {the} {-ed} {-s}

Question 64

Free lexical morpheme

Answer 64

-can stand alone -content words E.g.: {fair} {dog}

Question 65

Bound lexical morpheme

Answer 65

-bound to a word -derivational morpheme -indicates where it is bound (prefix or suffix) with a - E.g.: {un-} {-er} {-ly}

Question 66

free grammatical morpheme

Answer 66

-function word | E.g.: {the} {but]

Question 67

Bound grammatical morpheme

Answer 67

-inflectional morpheme | E.g.: {-s} in dogs

Question 68

Minimal pair

Answer 68

Words that differ/ are distinguished in just one sound in the same position E.g.: -/b,ɪ,t/ /h,ɪ,t/differ in one phoneme

Question 69

Plosive

Answer 69

Blocking the airstream completely, releasing air in a burst (exposive)

Question 70

Fricative

Answer 70

Restricting the airstream at different places (friction)

Question 71

Affricate

Answer 71

Moving from plosive to fricative (explosion then friction)

Question 72

Nasal

Answer 72

Airstream is not moving out of your mouth but out of your nose

Question 73

Lateral

Answer 73

Airstream passes through the sides of your tongue

Question 74

Approximant

Answer 74

Least consonant like sounds, approximating vowels