Constituents of blood

Question 1

what percent of our body is blood

Answer 1

7% of total body weight
5L (70kg male)
4L (58kg female)

Question 2

what type of tissue is blood

Answer 2

connective

Question 3

composition of blood

Answer 3

watery extracellular matrix (plasma ) 1/4 of body’s ECF

cellular elements: RBCs (erythrocytes), WBCs (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 4

Red blood cells

Answer 4

gas transport
- contain hemoglobin, drop off O2 at tissues
- biconcave and bendy
- no nucleus or mitochondria

Question 5

main job of wbc

Answer 5

immune system

Question 6

main job of platelets

Answer 6

prevent blood loss, clotting and hemostasis

Question 7

buffy layer

Answer 7

platelets and which cells between plasma and rbcs

Question 8

purpose of centrifugation

Answer 8

blood components can be seperated

Question 9

hematopoesis

Answer 9

synthesis of blood cells, happens in bone marrow

Question 10

Where does hematopoesis happen in adults

Answer 10

in bone marrow of pelvis, spine, ribs, cranial and proximal (closest to torso) ends of long bones

Question 11

what percent of developing cells become rbcs and wbcs

Answer 11

25% RBCs
75% WBCs

Question 12

life span of rbcs

Answer 12

120 days

Question 13

life span of WBCs

Answer 13

6-12 hours

Question 14

pluripotent hematopletic stem cells

Answer 14

undifferentiated precursors

Question 15

megakaryocyte

Answer 15

gives rise to platelets

Question 16

cytokines

Answer 16

control production and development of blood cells

proteins released from one cell affect the activity of another

types: erythropoletin and thrombopoietin

Question 17

erythropoletin

Answer 17

made in the kidneys in response to decreased oxygen, influences growth of RBCs (working on bone marrow)

Question 18

thrombopoletin

Answer 18

made in the liver, influences growth and differentiation of megakaryocytes

Question 19

hypoxia

Answer 19

low oxygen levels in arterial blood

sensed by kidney cells which make erythropoletin which acts on progenitor cells in bone marrow to stimulate erythropolesis

result: increase number of RBC and increase oxygen capability in the blood

Question 20

composition of hemoglobin

Answer 20

• made of four protein chains each centered around a heme group. Two alpha and two beta chains
• each heme group has a porphyrin ring with an iron atom in center
• O2 binds weakly to Fe

Question 21

anemia

Answer 21

• low RBC count
• decreased hemoglobin content and reduced O2 carrying capacity of blood

Question 22

accelerated rbc loss

Answer 22

• blood loss
• hemolytic anemia, busted blood
• RBC degradation > production
• genetic (sickle cell anemia) - protects against malaria
• aquired (malaria) - caused by a pathogen that infects and destroys blood cells

Question 23

decreased RBC production

Answer 23

• aplastic anemia - lost ability to make new rbcs. drugs or radiation
• dietary insufficiencies
• iron, folic acid and vit b12 deficiencies

Question 24

hemorrhage

Answer 24

loss of blood from vessels

Question 25

hemostasis

Answer 25

keeping blood inside blood vessels - want to keep this

Question 26

steps to prevent blood loss

Answer 26

1. vasoconstriction 2. platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation (formation of a clot) 4. dissolution of clot (fibrinolysis)

Question 27

vasoconstriction (to stop bleeding)

Answer 27

paracrine signals from endothelium decreases blood flow and pressure in vessels

Question 28

formation of a platelet plug

Answer 28

- edges of megakaryocyte break of to form cell fragments called platelets - positive feedback, helps while more complex stuff happens 1. exposed collagen bends and activated platelets 2 release of platelet factors 3. factors attract more platelets 4. platelets aggregate into platelet plug 5. plug then converts into a fibrous clot via coagulation cascade platelets will stick to collagen, the vessel wall contains collagen

Question 29

fibrinolysis

Answer 29

tissue is repaired and clot dissolves due to actions of enzyme plasmin (responsible for breakdown)

Question 30

blood type refers to..

Answer 30

the antigen express in RBCs

Question 31

what happens when you are given the wrong blood type

Answer 31

agglutinate (clump)

Question 32

AB (Rh+)

Answer 32

universal acceptor; no plasma antibodies

Question 33

O (Rh-)

Answer 33

universal donar, no membrane antigens

Question 34

Rh factor during pregnancy

Answer 34

1. Rh+ father 2. Rh- mother carrying her first Rh+ fetus. Rh antigens from the developing fetus can enter the mother's blood during delivery 3. In response to the fetal Rh antigens, the mother will produce anti-Rh antibodies 4. If the woman becomes pregnant with another Rh+ fetus, her anti-Rh antibodies will cross the placenta and damage fetal red blood cells hemolytic disease of newborn

Question 35

how to prevent Rh factor

Answer 35

inject mother with anti-Rh antibodies before birth of first born attacks contaminating Rh+ fetal blood before mother can develop her own immune response