Constituents of blood

Question 1

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

Answer 1

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

Question 2

RBC - high/low oncotic pressure

Answer 2

High

Question 3

RBC - do they have a nucleus? what does this mean?

Answer 3

No nucleus

- can’t divide/generate new proteins once in the circulation

Question 4

RBC have mitochondria. True or false?

Answer 4

False

Question 5

RBC have a flexible shape - true or false?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What is the advantage of RBCs having a biconcave shape?

Answer 6

Allows it to squeeze through smaller vessels

Provides a larger surface area

Question 7

What colour is a reticulocyte? and why?

Answer 7

Blue (polychromatic)

Still contains RNA

Question 8

Reticulocyte contains RNA/DNA +/- nucleus?

Answer 8

Reticulocyte

• RNA
• NO nucleus

Question 9

Erythropoiesis (red cell production) takes place?

Answer 9

In the bone marrow

Question 10

When do RBCs loose their nucleus?

Answer 10

Before they leave the bone marrow

Question 11

What is the function of RBCs?

Answer 11

To transport oxygen

Question 12

Describe the stages of erythropoiesis

Answer 12

Pronormoblast -> 
Early normoblast (basophilic) ->
Intermediate normoblast (polychromatophilic) -> 
Late normoblast (orthochromatic) -> 
Reticulocyte -> 
Erythrocyte

Question 13

An immature RBC is called

Answer 13

Erythrocyte

Question 14

As a RBC proliferates and matures during erythropoiesis, it becomes LARGER/SMALLER in size ?

Answer 14

smaller

Question 15

At which stage of erythropoesis does the nucleus get thrown out?

Pronormoblast -> 
Early normoblast (basophilic) ->
Intermediate normoblast (polychromatophilic) -> 
Late normoblast (orthochromatic) -> 
Reticulocyte -> 
Erythrocyte

Answer 15

Late normoblast

Question 16

When does the RBC become a FULLY mature RBC (erythrocyte) ?

Answer 16

When there is no RNA left

Question 17

Hb molecule is able to carry oxygen in Fe2+ or Fe3+ form?

Answer 17

Fe2+ form

Question 18

What protects the iron in Hb from oxidation?

Answer 18

NADH

Question 19

NADH is classed as an oxidising/reducing agent?

Answer 19

Reducing agent

Question 20

What is the name of the molecule which protects us from hydrogen peroxide? How does it do this?

Answer 20

Glutathione (GSH)

- it reacts with Hydrogen peroxide to form water and an oxidised glutathione product

Question 21

Where does Hb synthesis occur?

Answer 21

Cytoplasm `

Question 22

Increased temperature shifts the oxy-Hb dissociation curve to the right/left?

Answer 22

right

Question 23

Raised 2,3 DPG shifts the oxy-Hb dissociation curve to the right/left?

Answer 23

Right

Question 24

Increased pH shifts the oxy-Hb dissociation curve to the right/left?

Answer 24

Left

Question 25

Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shift to the RIGHT results in more/less oxygen being delivered to the tissues and more/less oxygen bound to the Hb

Answer 25

More oxygen delivered to the tissues | Less oxygen bound to the Hb

Question 26

Where are RBCs produced?

Answer 26

Bone marrow

Question 27

What is production of RBCs stimulated by?

Answer 27

Erythropoietin

Question 28

Which organ stimulates the production of erythropoietin?

Answer 28

Kidney

Question 29

Aged RBCs are taken up by which structure?

Answer 29

Macrophages | - thus, they are removed from the circulation

Question 30

Where does the destruction of RBCs usually take place?

Answer 30

Spleen

Question 31

Destruction of RBCs - what happens to global chains?

Answer 31

Recycled to amino acids

Question 32

Destruction of RBCs - what happens to Haem groups

Answer 32

Broken down to iron and porphyrin ring - iron is recycled - porphyrin -> bilirubin -> conjugated in liver -> excreted in faeces

Question 33

WBC - function

Answer 33

To fight infection

Question 34

Name 3 groups of WBC

Answer 34

Lymphocyte Granulocyte Monocyte

Question 35

Name 3 types of granulocyte

Answer 35

Eosinophil Basophil Neutrophil

Question 36

Eosinophil - what colour are the granules ?

Answer 36

Red granules

Question 37

Basophil - what colour are the granules ?

Answer 37

Dark blue-ish granules

Question 38

When a lymphocyte is in its activated state, it has which colour of cytoplasm?

Answer 38

Plentiful blue cytoplasm | - this can extend round neighbouring cells

Question 39

When are atypical lymphocytes seen in the bloodstream?

Answer 39

As a consequence of recent viral illness

Question 40

Neutrophil - structure

Answer 40

Polymorph | - multiple segments

Question 41

Neutrophil - function

Answer 41

immediate line of defence | Response to acute infection by phagocytosing invaders. They die in the process

Question 42

Neutrophil - has a short/long life in circulation?

Answer 42

Short

Question 43

Eosinophil - structure

Answer 43

Bi-lobed | Red granules present in the cytoplasm

Question 44

Eosinophil - which type of infections does it fight?

Answer 44

Parasitic infections

Question 45

Eosinophil - function

Answer 45

Fight parasitic infection | Hypersensitivity (allergic reactions)

Question 46

Basophils - structure

Answer 46

Large deep purple/blue granules in the cytoplasm

Question 47

Basophils - function

Answer 47

Mediates hypersensitivity reaction

Question 48

What do basophils contain?

Answer 48

Histamine

Question 49

Monocytes are multinucleated. True or false?

Answer 49

False | - single nucleated

Question 50

Why are monocytes not classified as granulocytes?

Answer 50

They have faintly stunning granules

Question 51

Monocyte - function

Answer 51

Similar to neutrophil Phagocytose invaders Orchestrate the immune response

Question 52

Monocyte - short/long lived in the circulation compared to neutrophils

Answer 52

Long lived | - circulate for a week

Question 53

What do monocytes become?

Answer 53

Macrophages

Question 54

Platelets - function

Answer 54

Prevent bleeding