Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial 563 Developments Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
brought about the British government’s involvement in Indian affairs in the effort to control and regulate the functioning of the East India Company.
A
The Regulating Act of 1773
2
Q
introduced the element of centralised
administration.
A
The Regulating Act of 1773
3
Q
Thus for the first time, the British cabinet was given the right to exercisecontrol over Indian affairs
A
The Regulating Act of 1773
4
Q
Bengal, the administration was to be carried out
by governor-general
A
The Regulating Act of 1773
5
Q
A Supreme Court of judicature was to be established
in Bengal
A
The Regulating Act of 1773
6
Q
The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was defined—within Calcutta, it was to administer the
personal law of the defendant
A
Amendments (1781 toThe Regulating Act of 1773
7
Q
the Company became a subordinate department of the State
A
Pitt’s India Act of 1784
8
Q
The Company’s territories in India were termed ‘British
possessions
A
Pitt’s India Act of 1784
9
Q
A Board of Control consisting of the chancellor of exchequer, a secretary of state and four
members of the Privy Council
A
Pitt’s India Act of 1784
10
Q
a dual system of control was set up.
A
Pitt’s India Act of 1784
11
Q
the presidencies of Bombay and Madras were made subordinate to the governor-general.
A
Pitt’s India Act of 1784
12
Q
A general prohibition was placed on aggressive wars
and treaties
A
Pitt’s India Act of 1784
13
Q
the powers of both the governor-general and the commander-in-chief
A
The Act of 1786
14
Q
allowed to override the council’s
decision if he owned the responsibili
A
Cornwallis through The Act of 1786
15
Q
The royal approval was mandated for the appointment
of the governor-general, the governors, and the commanderin-chief.
A
The Charter Act of 1793
16
Q
The licences, known as ‘privilege’ or ‘country trade’,
paved the way for shipments of opium to China.
A
The Charter Act of 1793
17
Q
The revenue administration was separated from the
judiciary functions and this led to disappearing of the Maal Adalats
A
The Charter Act of 1793
18
Q
The Home Government members were to be paid out
of Indian revenues
A
The Charter Act of 1793
19
Q
The Company’s monopoly over trade in India ended,
but the Company retained the trade with China and the trade in tea.
A
The Charter Act of 1813
20
Q
The Company’s shareholders were given a 10.5 per
cent dividend
A
The Charter Act of 1813
21
Q
the constitutional position of the British territories in India was defined explicitly for the first time
A
The Charter Act of 1813
22
Q
A sum of one lakh rupees was to be set aside for
the revival, promotion and encouragement of education
A
The Charter Act of 1813
23
Q
The regulations made by the Councils of Madras,
Bombay and Calcutta were now required to be laid before the British Parliament
A
The Charter Act of 1813
24
Q
Separate accounts were to be kept regarding
commercial transactions and territorial revenues
A
The Charter Act of 1813
25
Christian missionaries were also permitted to come
| to India and preach their religion
The Charter Act of 1813
26
The Company’s monopoly over trade with China and
| in tea also ended
The Charter Act of 1833
27
All restrictions on European immigration and the
| acquisition of property in India were lifted
The Charter Act of 1833
28
Bengal, Madras, Bombay and all other territories
| were placed under complete control of the governor-general
The Charter Act of 1833
29
The governor-general was given the power to superintend, control and direct all civil and military affairs of the Company
The Charter Act of 1833
30
A law member was added to the governor-general’s
| council
The Charter Act of 1833
31
No Indian citizen was to be denied employment under
| the Company on the basis of religion, colour, birth, descent
The Charter Act of 1833
32
take steps to ameliorate the conditions of slaves and to ultimately abolish slavery
The Charter Act of 1833
33
The strength of the Court of Directors was reduced
The Charter Act of 1853
34
the services were now thrown open to a competitive
| examination
The Charter Act of 1853
35
The law member became the full member of the
| governor-general’s executive council.
The Charter Act of 1853
36
Local representation was introduced in the Indian
| legislature.
The Charter Act of 1853
37
For the first time, the legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s council were separated.
The Charter Act of 1853
38
India was to be governed by and in the name of the
| Crown through a secretary of state and a council of 15.
The Act for Better Government of India,
| 1858
39
Thus, the dual system introduced by the Pitt’s India Act came to an end.)
The Act for Better Government of India,
| 1858
40
Governor-general became the viceroy
The Act for Better Government of India,
| 1858
41
marked an advance in that the principle
of representatives of non-officials in legislative bodies
became accepted
Indian Councils Act, 1861
42
Law-making was thus no longer seen as the exclusive business of the executive
Indian Councils Act, 1861
43
portfolio system introduced by Lord Canning laid
| the foundations of cabinet government in India
Indian Councils Act, 1861
44
laid the foundations of legislative devolution
Indian Councils Act, 1861
45
Thus was introduced the principle of representation The universities, district boards, municipalities,
zamindars, trade bodies and chambers of commerce werem empowered to recommend members to the provincial councils
Indian Councils Act, 1892
46
element of indirect election
Indian Councils Act, 1892
47
first attempt to bring in a representative and
| popular element in the governance of the country.
Indian Councils Act, 1909
48
Indian member was taken for the first time in the Executive Council of the Governor-General
Indian Councils Act, 1909
49
was the first Indian to join the Governor-General’s—or Viceroy’ Executive Council, as law member
(Satyendra Prasad Sinha
50
The introduction of separate electorates for Muslims
| created new problems
Indian Councils Act, 1909
51
the Indian Legislative Council at the Centre was replaced by a bicameral system
Government of India Act, 1919
52
direct election was introduced, though the franchise was much restricted being based on qualifications of property, tax or education
Government of India Act, 1919
53
The Act introduced dyarchy in the provinces
Government of India Act, 1919
54
separate electorates for Sikhs, Christians and
| Anglo-Indians,
Government of India Act, 1919
55
The Act separated for the first time the provincial
| and central budgets
Government of India Act, 1919
56
High Commissioner for India was appointed
Government of India Act, 1919
57
The Secretary of State for India paid by the British
| Exchequer, thus undoing an injustice in the Charter Act of 1793.
Government of India Act, 1919
58
had provided that a Royal Commission would
| be appointed ten years after the Act to report on its working
Government of India Act, 1919
59
joint committee of the Houses of the British Parliament was set up for a federal set-up and provincial autonomy. under
Lord Linlithgow
60
contemplated the establishment of an All-India Federation
Government of India Act, 1935
61
Dyarchy, rejected by the Simon Commission, was
| provided for in the Federal Executive
Government of India Act, 1935
62
The Council of States (the Upper House) was to
| be a permanent body
Government of India Act, 1935
63
There were to be three subjectlists—
| t
Government of India Act, 1935
64
There was a provision for joint sitting in cases of
| deadlock between the houses
Government of India Act, 1935
65
Dyarchy in the provinces was abolished and provinces were given autonomy
Government of India Act, 1935
66
Provincial governments could borrow
| money on their own security
Government of India Act, 1935
67
Bicameral legislatures were provided in the six provinces of Madras, Bombay, Bengal, United Provinces, Bihar and Assam
Government of India Act, 1935
68
extended to depressed classes,
| women and labou
Government of India Act, 1935
69
The Act also provided for a Federal Court settle inter-state disputes
Government of India Act, 1935
70
The India Council of the Secretary of State was
| abolished.
Government of India Act, 1935
71
Act was an endeavour to give India a written
| constitution,
Government of India Act, 1935
72
Provinces derived their power and authority directly
| from the British Crown
Government of India Act, 1935
73
set up the Fort William College for training of new recruits
In 1800, Wellesley
74
was the first to bring into existence and organise the civil services
Cornwallis (governor-general, 1786-93)
75
Every native of Hindustan is corrupt.” T
Cornwallis (governor-general, 1786-93)
76
Act had reservedall posts worth 500 pounds per annum for the covenanted servants of the Company.
The Charter Act of 1793
77
the examination was held in England in English
| language, based on classical learning of Greek and Latin
Indian Civil Service Act, 1861
78
introduced the Statutory Civil Service consisting of one-sixth of covenanted posts to be filled by Indians of high families through nominations by local governments subject to approval by the secretary of State and the viceroy
In 1878-79, Lytton
79
The Aitchison Committee on Public Services (1886),
| set up by
Dufferin
80
dropping of the terms ‘covenanted’ and
| ‘uncovenanted’;
Aitchison Committee on Public Services
81
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classification of the civil service into Imperial Indian
Civil Service (examination in England), Provincial
Civil Service (examination in India) and Subordinate
Civil Service (examination in India)
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Aitchison Committee on Public Services
82
raising the age limit to 23.
Aitchison Committee on Public Services
83
“It is indispensable that an adequate number of members of civil service shall always be Europeans
Kimberley, the secretary of state
84
recommended that one-third of recruitments be made
| in India itself
Montford Reforms (1919)
85
recommended holding of simultaneous examination
| in India and England.
Montford Reforms (1919)
86
the recruitments for the transferred fields like
education and civil medical service be made by
provincial governments
Lee Commission
87
50:50 parity between the Europeans and the Indians be reached in 15 years;
Lee Commission
88
Public Service Commission be immediately
| established
Government of India Act, 1919)
89
recommended the establishment of a Federal
| Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission under their spheres
Government of India Act, 1935
90
faujdars
who helped in maintaining law and order
91
amils ,
who were basically revenue collectors but had to contend with rebels
92
Kotwal
was responsible for maintenance of law
| and order in the cities
93
restored the institution of faujdars and asked the zamindars to assist them in suppression of dacoits,
Warren Hastings
94
organised a regular police force to
| maintain law and order
Cornwallis 1791
95
a district under a daroga (an Indian) and a superintendent of police (SP) at the head of a distric
Cornwallis 1791
96
He relieved the zamindars of their
| police duties
Cornwallis 1791
97
appointed an SP for each division helped
| by a number of spies (goyendas
Mayo 1808
98
the appointment of darogas and their subordinates was abolished in all possessions of the Company except in Bengal
By an order of the Court of Directors
99
abolished the office of the SP. The collector/magistrate was now to head the police force in his jurisdiction and the commissioner in each division was to act as the S
Bentinck (governor-general, 1828-35
100
were the first to have the duties of collector/magistrate separated
Presidency towns
101
system of civil constabulary
Police Commission (1860)
102
inspector-general as the head in a province recoomended by
Police Commission (1860)
103
presented the guidelines for a police setup
| in the province
The Police Act, 1861
104
recommended the establishment of CID (Criminal Investigation Department) in the provinces and a Central Intelligence Bureau at the Centre
1902 The Police Commission
105
the British should always remember the lessons which were learnt with such terrible experience 30 years ago.
Dufferin
106
insisted on the principle of a one-third white army
The commissions of 1859 and 1879
107
the proportion of Europeans to Indians was carefully fixed
one to two in the Bengal Army and two to five in the Madras and Bombay Armies
108
was visualising a 50% Indianised officer cadre
| for 1952!
As late as 1926, the Indian Sandhurst
| Committee
109
An ideology of ‘martial races’ and ‘non-martial races
under Lord Roberts
110
I wish to have a different and rival spirit in different regiments, so that Sikh might fire into Hindu, Gorkha into either, without any scruple in case of need.
Charles Wood, the Secretary of State for India,
111
the establishment of ‘Mayor’s Courts’ in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta in 1726 by
the East India Company.
112
District Diwani Adalats were established in districts
| to try civil disputes under
Warren Hastings (1772-1785)
113
Sadar Diwani Adalat which functioned under
| a president and two members of the Supreme Council
Warren Hastings (1772-1785)
114
District Fauzdari Adalats were set up to try criminal
| disputes and were placed under an Indian officer assisted by qazis and muftis
Warren Hastings (1772-1785)
115
The approval for capital punishment and
| for acquisition of property lay to the Sadar Nizamat Adalat at Murshidabad which was headed by
a deputy nizam (an Indian Muslim) assisted by chief qazi and chief mufti
Warren Hastings (1772-1785)
116
Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a Supreme Court
| was established at Calcutta which was competent to try
all British subjects within Calcutta and the subordinate factories, including Indians and Europeans
117
The District Fauzdari Courts were abolished and,
| instead, circuit courts were established at Calcutta, Dacca, Murshidabad and Patna. under
Cornwallis (1786-1793)
118
The Sadar Nizamat Adalat was shiftedfrom Musrshidabad to Calcutta and was put under the governor-general
under Cornwallis (1786-1793)
119
The District Diwani Adalat was now designated as the
| District, City or the Zila Court and placed under a district judge freeing collector of his duty under
under Cornwallis (1786-1793)
120
European subjects were also brought under
| jurisdiction. under
under Cornwallis (1786-1793)
121
Government officials were answerable to the civil
| courts for actions done in their official capacity under
under Cornwallis (1786-1793)
122
The principle of sovereignty of law was established under
under Cornwallis (1786-1793)
123
The four Circuit Courts were abolished and their
| functions transferred to collectors under
under William Bentinck (1828-1833)
124
Sadar Diwani Adalat and a Sadar Nizamat Adalat were
| set up at Allahabad under
under William Bentinck (1828-1833)
125
Till now, Persian was the official language in courts.
| Now, the suitor had the option to use Persian or a vernacular language, under
under William Bentinck (1828-1833)
126
in the Supreme Court, English language
| replaced Persian under
under William Bentinck (1828-1833)
127
A Law Commission was set up under Macaulay
| for codification of Indian laws. under
under William Bentinck (1828-1833)
128
transferred the power to govern from the East India Company to the British Crown. under
The Act for Better Government of India, 1858
129
a fifth member, who was to be a jurist, was added to viceroy’s executive council under
Indian Councils Act, 1861
130
returned the legislative powers
| to provinces of Madras and Bombay which had been taken away in 1833 under
Indian Councils Act, 1861
131
The presidencies were administrated by a
governor and his executive council of three who were
appointed by the
Crown,
132
other provinces were administered by lieutenant governors and chief commissioners appointed by
the governor-general
133
The granting of fixed sums out of central revenues for
| administration of certain services to provincial governments
lord Mayo 1870
134
heads of expenditure like land revenue,
| excise, general administration and law and justice were transferred to provinces in 1877 by
Lord Lytton
135
provincial government was to receive a fixed share
| of the income realised within that province from sources like stamps, excise and income tax under
Lord Lytton
136
Financial decentralisation was a legislative devolution
| inaugurated by the
Indian Councils Act of 1861
137
the beginning of local finance under
Lord Mayo
138
Local interest, supervision and care
are necessary for success in the management of the funds devoted to education, sanitation, medical relief and local public works.
Lord Mayo
139
The Government of Ripon desired the provincial governmentsto apply in case of local bodies the same principle of financial decentralisation which Lord Mayo’s Government had begun towards them.
Lord Ripon
140
father of local self-government in India
Lord Ripon
141
village panchayats should be
| entrusted with more powers like judicial jurisdiction
Royal Commission on Decentralisation 1908
142
the stoppage of regular grants-in-aid from provincial governments except for undertaking large projects.
Royal Commission on Decentralisation 1908
143
The resolution suggested that the local bodies be made as representative as possible of the people with real and not nominal authority vested in them
The Resolution of May 1918
144
The commission suggested the retrograde step
| of increasing provincial control over local bodies
The Simon Commission (May 1930
145
the demarcation of taxation between provincial and
| local finance which prevailed since the reforms of 1919 was scrapped.
The Government of India Act, 1935
146
the liberal policy of granting wide powers
of taxation to local institutions as recommended by the
.
Decentralisation Commission (1908)
