Construction Documents Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
A warranty is a contractor’s or manufacturer’s guarantee of quality, reliability, workmanship of either construction or a piece of equipment. In general according to the AIA General Conditions, when do the warranty periods begin and how long do they last?
A
Within one year after the date of substantial completion, the contractor is obligated to return to the project and correct any work found to be not in accordance with the requirements of the contract documents.
Since material and equipment warranties vary, the contractor may be financially liable for several years after substantial completion.
Commencement of warranties and the one year period of correction may be modified if, for example, an owner occupies a portion of a project prior to substantial completion. This period may be extended for work performed after substantial completion.
2
Q
Working Drawings
A
The graphic and pictorial portion of the contract documents intended to convey the design intent of the architect to the contractor. These documents represent the design, dimensions, quantity, and location of the work and generally include the plans, elevations, sections, details, and schedules.
3
Q
Substantial Completion
A
Sometimes called substantial performance, this is the date in the progress of the project when it is sufficiently complete, according to the contract documents, and the owner may occupy all or portion of the project for its intended use.
Typically, this is the date used for the certificate of occupancy and it is established when the architect, contractor, and owner sign the Certificate of Substantial Completion (AIA Document G704)
Warranties generally become active after on this date, the final application for payment is processed, and the contractor is due the contract sum, less the value of the unfinished work. At final completion the contractor receives final payment.
4
Q
Shop Drawings
A
Drawings, diagrams, schedules, and other data required by the contract documents, prepared and supplied by a contractor, subcontractor, manufacturer, supplier, etc., and meant to illustrate a specific method of installation or fabrication for some portion of the project. They are meant to demonstrate the way by which the contractor proposes to provide the work.
They are not considered contract documents.
This information is reviewed and approved by the contractor and submitted to the architect for approval. (See AIA Document A201, General Conditions of the Contract for Construction)
5
Q
Mediation
A
Since the early 1990’s even arbitration, as a means of dispute resolution, has become a cumbersome process. The higher costs, and trial-like atmosphere has fostered the creation of additional dispute resolution mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is the use of professional mediators.
Unlike arbitration, in which the three parties are empowered to resolve the case, a mediator has no authority to force a resolution but is instrumental in empowering the participants to resolve the issue themselves. This alternative, in theory, is faster, cheaper, and less adversarial than arbitration or litigation and has gained popularity in recent years.
6
Q
Arbritration
A
Widely used in the construction industry, it is a method of dispute resolution between project participants that does not involve litigation. In this process, claims from both parties (owner-architect or owner-contractor) are submitted to a mutually acceptable arbitrator. This is someone knowledgeable in the construction industry who will hear arguments and witnesses and also review evidence prior to rendering a decision. These proceedings are conducted under the rules of the American Arbitration Association. the award is final and binding an may enforced by the courts.
It is generally preferable to litigation for several reasons. It is usually a quicker and less complex process than a trial. It tends to be less expensive. It is private process and does not become part of the public record. This is desirable for architects, who are normally concerned about their professional reputation.
7
Q
How do local laws impact AIA Document A201
A
They supersede the General Conditions for the Contract for Construction and when necessary, should be identified in the special conditions of the contract.
8
Q
Contract Sum
A
As stated in the Owner-Contractor Agreement, this is the total amount payable by the owner to the contractor. It is the payment for performance of the work done under the requirements of the contract documents.
9
Q
Operational Costs
A
The mechanical and maintenance costs associated with the performance of the building component or system. These costs can fluctuate seasonally, due to changes in interest rates, the type of management, or current fuel costs.
They are used in conjunction with the initial cost of various building components in determining the life-cycle cost.
10
Q
Name the most common method of determining land value.
A
The “market” approach.
The surrounding neighborhood is assessed to determine the sale price, per square foot or per acre, for lots of approximately the same size. Value adjustments are made for any unique feature a lot my have.
11
Q
What are the main elements that comprise construction cost?
A
This is the total estimated cost to the owner for all elements of the project designed or specified by the architect.
These elements include:
- Labor
- Materials
- Equipment
- Contingencies
- Contractor overhead and profit
It does not include the architect’s compensation, the cost of land, or the cost of financing.
12
Q
Aside from the direct cost of construction, what factors are included in the project budget?
A
This is the sum, established by the owner, that is available for the entire project. Included in this budget is the cost for:
land, demolition work, landscaping, furniture, equipment, financing, taxes, insurance, professional services such as architect’s or legal compensation, and contingency allowances for unforeseen circumstances.
13
Q
Vendor
A
A person, entity, or supplier (for a fee) of material or equipment required for a specific product. Similar to a contractor.
14
Q
An Architect may affect the contractor’s construction schedule by establishing certain criteria within the specifications. What are some of these criteria?
A
- Establish deadlines for the ordering and delivery of materials, submittals and testing.
- Specify all work to be accomplished according to the critical path method (CPM).
- Allot a specific amount of time to perform all work.
- Allow subcontractors to provide input.
- Update the construction schedule on a monthly basis.
15
Q
Fixed Fee
A
A method of compensation for professional or construction services based on a lump-sum amount for a particular scope of service. Convenient when services can be accurately defined. A contingency should be included to cover the risk that cost may exceed the budget on which the fee is based.
Also called a Stipulated Sum Agreement (see AIA Document A101). Reimbursable services such as postage and reproductions are usually in addition to the contract sum. This method of compensation is more common than cost plus fee.
16
Q
Contingency Allowance
A
Included in a construction cost estimate. Initially, 5% of the total construction cost (including equipment and furnishings) that is added to the total construction budget to cover unforeseen costs such as alterations due to unavoidable site conditions. It is not intended to cover increases in the scope of a project. The percentage may be higher for renovation projects.
17
Q
What is the role of each contracted party regarding acceptance, rejection or correction of nonconforming work?
A
An owner, not an architect, may prefer to accept work that is not in accordance with the requirements of the contract documents instead of requiring its removal and correction. Adjustments shall then be made to the contract sum.
The architect may reject work for failing to conform to the requirements of the contract documents. The cost of correcting such work, including additional testing and inspections, will be at the contractor’s expense.
The architect may request that covered work be uncovered for the purpose of inspection. If the architect had a prior inspection request, the contractor will bear the cost. If not, and the work is found to be in accordance with the contract documents, then the owner is responsible for the cost of uncovering and replacing the work. Note the partial occupancy does not constitute acceptance of work not in compliance with the contract documents (See AIA Document A201)
18
Q
The process of establishing and accounting for the cost of construction items and systems for estimated useful existence of a building is an analysis of the ___________.
(a) replacement cost approach
(b) life-cycle cost
(c) maintenance management index
(d) initial cost
A
(b) life cycle cost
This is the initial and operational cost of a building component or system during the estimated useful life span of a building. It includes maintenance costs, taxes, financing, fuel consumption, replacements, and renovation and is used to analyze the tradeoffs between initial and long term costs. These costs can be projected over time and compared to determine the most economical approach. For example, it may be more economical to replace a roofing material every twelve years than purchase a material will last for twenty years. Or, purchase higher quality automatic plumbing fixtures in order to reduce the long term maintenance, utility, and replacement costs.
19
Q
Under certain circumstances, an owner may occupy a project prior to substantial completion. To do so, the owner needs the consent of each of the following except:
(a) The architect
(b) The owner’s insurance company
(c) The local building authorities
(d) The contractor
A
(a) the architect
Although it is the architect who determines the point of substantial completion, an owner may occupy all or a portion of an unfinished project for its intended use provided that:
- The owner has consent of the insurance company that is providing property insurance.
- The owner has received a Certificate of Occupancy from the local building authorities.
- The owner and contractor have agreed, in writing, to their responsibilities regarding payments, maintenance, heat, utilities, etc. as well as the one-year correction period and the commencement of warranties.
20
Q
According to the Contract Documents, contract time ends a the date of:
(a) Substantial completion
(b) Final completion
(c) Final inspection
(d) Owner occupancy
A
(a) Substantial completion
This is the period of time, including authorized adjustments such as change orders, from commencement of the work as defined by the Owner-Contractor Agreement to the date of substantial completion as certified by the architect.
21
Q
An architect is looking for the best assembly to solve an unconventional requirement presented by the owner, which specification type will benefit the architect most?
(a) Cash Allowance Specifications
(b) Closed Specifications
(c) Reference Standard Specifications
(d) Performance Specfications
A
(d) Performance Specifications
This type of open specification describes an end result desired by the architect and does not stipulate specific trade names of components or processes. This specification type allows the contractor the flexibility to find a system that best meets the needs of the owner. For example, if the owner requires a roof structure to be retractable, the contractor may propose or develop a variety of assemblies upon which the structure can operate.
22
Q
How can discrepancies between the specifications and the working drawings be minimized?
A
The technical specifications and the drawings are interdependent documents and are meant to be complementary. They should work together to provide a complete description of the project. Coordination between these documents is essential and inconsistencies can be minimized in a variety of ways:
- Dimensions for a particular part of a project should be noted once on only one of the two documents.
- Terminology should be consistent, for example, use safety glass or laminated glass; gypsum wall board or drywall.
- Describe installation methods and material quality in specifications only and quantitative descriptions in the drawings.
Typically, the information in the specifications is more legally binding than that in the drawings.
23
Q
What type of specifications are often required for public projects?
A
Open Proprietary Specifications
This type of specification stipulates several specific products, materials, assemblies, or systems that are acceptable for use in the project. It is up to the contractor to choose between the approved alternates.
24
Q
An owner requests a particular manufacturer and model of commercial refrigerator, which specification type is most appropriate for the architect to use?
(a) Open Specification
(b) Performance Specification
(c) Proprietary Specification
(d) Reference Standard Specification
A
(c) Proprietary Specification
This type of closed specification defines the use of specific products or systems and does not allow the contractor to substitute alternates.
25
What are the potential drawbacks of using a computerized master specification system?
Master specification systems were developed to simplify the specification process. They are often computerized, word processing systems that can be tailored to fit a particular project by editing or deleting certain information.
Due to their broad scope, the architect risks accepting inappropriate materials if the specification is not thoroughly reviewed. However, since each project is unique, a totally comprehensive master specification system is difficult to create. In addition, with the progress of technology, these systems can quickly become out of date. They are not appropriate for every project and consequently architects will often use one of the proprietary systems based on the CSI format.
26
What is the role of specifications?
They are a part of the contract documents and are legal documents contained in the project manual. They describe, in wirting, the requirements and technical nature of materials, systems, equipment, construction methods, and worksmanship.
While drawings are used to describe size and shape of a project, these written descriptions are used to define the quality and execution of the various components of a project. They must, however, be coordinated with the drawings to avoid discrepancies, and are often organized according to the standardized divisions in The Masterformat system to make this task easier.
27
According to the Standard Form of Agreement Between Architect and Consultant, who is responsible for the coordination of work designed by the consultant?
(a) The Architect
(b) The Contractor
(c) The Consultant
(d) The Owner
(c) The Consultant
The architect is under contract with the owner and is liable for the accuracy and completeness of their consultant's work. However, it is the responsibility of the consultant to coordinate the internal consistency of all drawings, specifications, reports, and other data submitted to the architect. They must also become familiar with the work of the architect and other consultants in order to facilitate project coordination. The architect is responsible to review the consultant's work for compliance with the program and for coordination with the architectural and engineering requirements.
28
What is the architect's role regarding a pre-bid conference?
It is recommended that the architect participate in, and at the owner's request, organize a meeting for all of the prospective bidders prior to the bid date. This meeting is means of familiarizing bidders with any unique aspects of the project and answering any questions they may have. This gives the architect the opportunity to express the design intent and give general overview of the goals of the project (see AIA Document B141)
29
What is the architect's role in dispute resolution?
According to the AIA General Conditions, the owner and contractor must initially refer claims and disputes to the architect for a decision. The architect must interpret these matters impartially and consistent with the intent of the contract documents. Since the architect is familiar with the contract documents, and has no economic interest in the construction contract, they have limited authority to make bidding decisions. Except for decisions regarding aesthetic effect, their decisions may be appealed, and the architect may be called as a witness in future proceedings.
30
When is an owner within their rights to order a contractor to stop construction?
The owner, not the architect, may exercise this right if the contractor fails to correct work, or persistently fails to carry out work that is in accordance with the requirements of the contract documents. (see AIA Document A201)
31
Retainage
A sum withheld from the progress payments to the contractor (usually 10%). These funds are placed into an interest earning escrow account by the owner. They are later paid to the contractor upon issuance of the final certificate for payment. It is a method of compensating the contractor for money earned but not yet made available for the contractors use (see AIA Document A511).
Before the owner will release the final payment to the contractor, an affidavit of release of liens is required. This protects the owner against liens or claims made by subcontractors or other third parties for money due to that party by the contractor.
32
1. General Conditions
VS
2. General Requirements
1. One of the AIA contract documents that comprise the construction contract between the owner and the contractor, AIA Document A201. This legal document defines the rights and obligations of the parties involved. However, it also contains pertinent information from AIA Document B141 to better inform the contractor of the agreement between the owner and the archtitect.
2. This is the title for Division 01 of the CSI Masterformat or the AIA's Masterspec systems for organizing specifications. This division is used to explain the administrative and procedural requirements of the trades involved in the construction industry.
33
Define Model Building Codes and name those commonly used in the United States.
A non-regional reference guide for construction requirements, compiled by experts and often adopted as local building codes. The model codes used in the U.S. are:
1. IBC - International Building Code, by the International Code Council (ICC). A collaboration by existing model-code organizations to provide a single comprehensive model code.
2. UBC - Uniform Building Code, by the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO). Used in the western and central U.S.
3. BOCA - National Building Code - Building Officials and Code Administrators International. Used in the northeastern U.S.
4. Standard Building Code - Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI). Used in the southwestern U.S.
5. CABO National Building Code - Council of American Building Officials by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
34
Field Tests & Inspections
They are paid for by the contractor as required by the contract documents. They are arranged by the contractor so that the architect may be present for the procedures. Additional procedures not specified or required after the receipt of bids will be at the owner's expense. With the owner's approval, the architect will instruct the contractor to make the arrangements.
35
Construction Change Directive
A written order prepared by the architect, signed by the architect ans owner, directing a change in the work. It is used in the modification of a project when the owner and contractor have yet to reach an agreement on a change in Contract Sum and Contract Time and if the modification is not implemented expeditiously, a delay in the project may result. The contractor has the right not to sign the document but is obligated to perform the work and the architect must then determine the adjustment to the contract.
36
When is the architect authorized to act as the owner's agent?
Under the design-bid build and Construction Management project-delivery methods, during the architect's administration of the Contract for Construction (the construction administration phase). Specifically, during construction until final payment is due, and also on occasion during the one year period for correction of work by the contractor.
37
What are the owner's obligations to the contractor?
1. Furnish evidence of the necessary funds to complete the project.
2. Pay for necessary approvals, assessments etc. (except for permits and fees).
3. Provide legal descriptions and site surveys including utility locations and easements.
4. Provide copies of the necessary drawings for the execution of the construction.
38
What is the gross area necessary for a new YMCA project where the assignable area (net area) is determined to be 40,000 SF, and the efficiency ratio is estimated to be .65?
```
The equation for building efficiency
(Efficiency = net area/gross area),
can be manipulated to find the gross area.
Gross area = net area/efficiency
Inserting the values provided yields
Gross area = 40,000 SF/.65
Gross area = 61,538 SF (61,500 SF)
The YMCA will need approximately 61,500 SF
```
39
The efficiency of a new building is 80 percent. The gross square footage of the building is 120,000 SF. What is the net square footage?
(a) 80,000 SF
(b) 96,000 SF
(c) 112,000 SF
(d) 150,000 SF
(b) 96,000 SF
The net square footage of the building is found my multiplying the gross square footage by the efficiency ratio.
120,000 SF x .80 = 96,000 SF
40
An owner must decide whether to carpet or tile 15,000 SF of circulation space in an office building he intends to occupy for 20 years. Carpet has an initial cost of $6.50 per SF and an operational cost of $2,300 per year. Tile has an initial cost of $8.75 per SF and an operational cost of $575.00 per year. Which material has the lowest life-cycle cost?
```
Carpet = $143,500
Tile = $142,750
```
Although the tile has a lower life cycle cost, the final decision would most likely be based on additional factors such as inflation and aesthetics.
41
In general, what is the minimum amount of time an architect should give contractors to prepare a bid?
(a) 1 week
(b) 2 weeks
(c) 3 weeks
(d) 4 weeks
(b) 2 weeks
An appropriate amount of time may depend largely on the size and complexity of a project. In general, two weeks is sufficient although in some cases more time may be required. Without adequate time to study the bid documents, a contractor may include contingencies which can result in an unnecessary high bid.
42
The architect will provide the owner with a program;
(a) as part of an architect's basic services.
(b) if requested by the owner.
(c) only if the architect is familiar with the owner's requirements.
(d) never, due to the liability exposure.
(b) if requested by the owner
Although the owner is responsible to provide the architect with a program, according to the Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner & Architect, the architect is required to review owner supplied information. However, if the owner requests that the architect develop a program, then it will be considered an additional service.
43
Many renovation projects are an inconvenience to the occupants. How can the disruption be minimized?
In order to maintain occupant comfort, occupied areas should be protected. Construction should be scheduled in phases where tasks are isolated. Contaminants such as dust and noise from demolition or fumes from painting and finishing can significantly reduce the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) and should be contained. Return air ducts should be isolated and construction areas temporarily vented directly to the outside. Continual running of the HVAC system during the installation of finishes and furnishings will speed the off-gassing process of new materials. The increased ventilation also reduces the absorption of contaminants by porous materials.
44
Name a significant concern with specifying thermal glass for a southern exposure?
Protection against thermal stresses resulting from the temperature differential between areas of direct sun exposure and shaded areas.
45
At what point during the standard phases of an architect's schedule is a structural system proposed to the owner?
The use of a specific structural system would most likely be introduced during the design development phase of the schedule.
46
Setback
An area restricted from construction. It is defined as a minimum distance between a building and a reference line such as a property line or water course and governed by local zoning ordinances or codes.
47
Which project phase usually requires the most amount of time?
Construction Documents Phase.
This phase takes the most time for two reasons. First, the final drawings must be accurate, specifying every detail necessary to build the project as designed. Because construction bids are based on these drawings, inconsistencies and lack of information can lead to costly alterations.
Second, the architect is also responsible to assist the owner in construction preparation by establishing bidding requirements and contract conditions, and by developing the contract forms. The development of these documents to the degree necessary to protect the architect from legal conflicts makes CD's the most time consuming phase of the project.
48
Labor and Material Payment Bond
A bond required by the contractor in which the contractor's surety guarantee to pay their subcontractors and to purchase materials for construction in accordance with the contract documents (See AIA Document A312 Payment Bond).
49
Substitution
A request by the contractor, after the contract for construction has been executed, to use a material, product or system, other than the one specified. This does no necessarily require a change order. However, the architect will review the formal request by the contractor, evaluate the replacement material, and may be entitled to additional compensation if the revisions to the drawings and specifications is significant.
50
# Define the general purpose of each of the following AIA Documents.
(1) A-Series
(2) B-Series
(3) C-Series
(4) D-Series
(5) G-Series
1. Various forms of agreement between an owner and a contractor.
2. Various forms of agreement between an owner and an architect for professional services.
3. Various forms of agreement between an architect and other professionals such as engineers and consultants.
4. Architect-Industry documents, including calculation standards for area and volume for budgeting and cost estimating. Also included is a checklist for office-project planning and management for a broad range of projects.
5. Office administrative documents for securing goods and services and administering and closing out project agreements.
Architect's accounting firms, the F-Series documents, have largely been discontinued due to the prevalence of computer software.
51
# Define the following commonly used AIA Documents:
1. A111
2. A310
3. B141
4. C141
5. G701
6. G704
1. Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor where the basis for payment is the cost of work plus a fee, with a negotiated guaranteed maximum price (GMP). It is used in conjunction with A201. The fee may be established as a stipulated amount or a percentage of construction cost.
2. Bid Bond. It establishes the maximum amount due to the owner if the selected bidder fails to execute the contract.
3. Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Architect with standard form of architectural services. It defines the five traditional phases of an architect's professional services.
4. Standard Form of Agreement Between Architect and Consultant. Most appropriate for engineers, this document defines the rights and responsibilities of each party.
5. Change Order. For the owner, architect and contractor to agree on a complete description of the change in the work.
6. Certificate of Substantial Completion. Upon substantial completion, the architect prepares this form for acceptance by the owner and contractor.
52
# Define the following commonly used AIA Documents:
1. A101
2. A201
3. B727
4. G702
5. G711
1. Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor where the basis for payment is a Stipulate Sum (fixed price). It is used in conjunction with A201.
2. General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. It defines the relationships, responsibilities and rights of the owner, contractor, and architect. Used as a reference for other documents such as the owner-contractor or owner-architect agreement.
3. Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Architect for Special Services, such as planning or feasibility studies, that do not follow the standard phasing sequence of services found in Document B141.
4. Application and Certificate for Payment. With this document the contractor can apply for payment and the architect can certify that payment is due. This combined form is meant to expedite the payment process.
5. Architect's Field Report. A standard form for the architect or field representative to record and maintain concise records of site visits and construction activities.
53
What is included in the Contract Documents?
1. The Owner-Contractor Agreement
2. General & Supplementary Conditions of the Contract
3. Specifications (CSI Masterformat)
4. The Working Drawings
5. Addenda
6. Modifications
54
What are the contents of a typical project manual?
This volume contains all of the bidding documents and contract documents that can be easily bound into book format. Other oversize information such as full size drawings should be included by reference. It may consist of:
```
Title Sheet
Table of Contents
Bid Form
Instructions to Bidders
Proposed Owner-Contractor Agreement
General Conditions and Supplementary Conditions
Sample AIA Documents
List of Drawings
Signature Sheet
Index to Specifications
Specifications, standard divisions
```
55
In a typical project manual, what comprises the contract forms?
1. The Owner-Contractor Agreement
2. A Performance Bond
3. A Payment Bond
4. A Certificate of Insurance
56
A list of subcontractors and a list of material substitutions will typically be found in what part of the construction documents?
These supplements to the bid forms will be found in the bidding requirements portion of the project manual.
57
For which part of the Project Manual is the architect most directly responsible?
The specifications.
The architect along with the architect's consultants are responsible for the preparation of the technical specifications for the a project (standard divisions of the CSI Masterformat). While the architect is required to assist in preparation of the bid documents for example, much of the other documentation is prepared by the owner and owner's representatives.
58
Which of the following are considered Additional Services provided by the architect?
1. Programming
2. Financial feasibility studies
3. Preliminary estimate of construction cost
4. Normal structural, mechanical, and electrical engineering
5. Soils engineering
6. Operational cost analysis
7. Preparation of change orders
8. Preparation of record drawings
9. Preparation of bid forms
10. Surveying
1,2,5,6,8,10
These are professional services which MAY be rendered by the architect if authorized in writing by the owner.
The architect's Basic Services are identified in the Owner-Architect Agreement and are defined under the divisions (phases) of the architect's professional services; Schematic Design, Design Development, Construction Documents, Bidding or Negotiation, and Construction Administration.
59
Working Drawings
VS
Specifications
1. Graphic, pictorial documentation of design contained in the contract documents. They define; quality, location, specific dimensions, size, shape and general configuration of the project.
2. Written descriptions in the project manual that define quality and performance requirements for the construction and workmanship of the project.
60
What is the typical sequence of construction drawings?
1. Title Sheet
2. Site and landscape information
3. Architectural
4. Structural
5. Mechanical
6. Plumbing
7. Electrical
The construction drawings are an organized presentation of the project. They are a graphic representation of the work to be done and generally contain site and building plans, elevations, sections, details, and schedules. The sequence of the drawings is based on the general sequence of construction.
61
# Define the following types of insurance:
1. Loss of Use
2. Workers Compensation
3. Property
4. Professional Liability
5. Products and Completed Operations
1. It protects the owner from financial loss due to delays in construction resulting from repairs, replacing damaged property, fire, or other hazards.
2. Covers the liability of the employer, architect, or contractor to the employees for injury or sickness as a result of their employment.
3. Purchased by the owner, equal in amount to the total value of the project, it covers damage and loss of the work on and off site as well as in transit.
4. Covers the liability of the insured professional, architect, contractor, or the owner, for claims fur to damages caused by errors, omissions, or negligence.
5. Purchased by the contractor, it covers their liability for damages caused by installed goods after the construction phase and transfer of title.
62
Name the appropriate term for each of the following definitions:
1. A contractual obligation by which one person or entity agrees to reimburse another for loss or damage arising from specified liabilities. It is an example of a contractual liability such as "hold harmless" (see AIA Document A201).
2. A type of surety obtained by the contractor. It is for the protection of the owner and is used to help ensure that the work will be completed in accordance with the contract documents (see AIA Document A312).
3. A written promise or bond by a person or entity who guarantees the performance of an obligation of another party. It can protect an owner's interests by ensuring that the contractor fulfills the requirements of the contract documents.
4. Protects two contracted parties from claims made by a third party. The architect for example, is protected from claims by the contractor because the architect is only contractually bound to the owner. This protection has deteriorated since the mid-1950's and architects are now increasingly subject to litigation.
1. Indemnification
2. Performance Bond
3. Surety
4. Privity
63
What is the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) and describe The Masterformat.
CSI is an association that provides technical information, products and organizational systems for the construction industry.
The MasterFormat is the CSI standard for organizing specifications. It includes a list of titles and numbers for organizing information regarding construction requirements, products and activities. This standardized information facilitates communication between participants in a construction project.
In order to address the ever-evolving construction industry, The MasterFormat, including the 16 primary divisions, was substantially revised in June '04 with additional revisions expected in the near future.
For example: 03 47 13
03 = division number or level one - Concrete
47 = level two - Site Cast Concrete
13 = level three - Tilt-Up Concrete
64
Under which division of the CSI MasterFormat would each of the following topics be located?
1. Sustainable-Design Reporting, Historic Treatment Procedures, and Life-Cycle Activities.
2. Geodesic Domes
3. Door Hardware and Curtain Walls
4. Folding Partitions
5. Healthcare Sinks
6. Commercial Kitchen Hoods
7. Special Purpose Lighting
8. Paint
9. Excavation
10. Wall Decoration and Sculpture
As of 2004 CSI revision
1. 01 General Conditions
2. 13 Special Construction
3. 08 Openings
4. 10 Specialties
5. 22 Plumbing
6. 23 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
7. 26 Electrical
8. 09 Finishes
9. 31 Earthwork
10. 12 Furnishings
65
Supplementary General Conditions
These are additional conditions, included in the project manual, that are used to modify the General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. This is done to accommodate any specific legal, climatic, or site conditions of a particular project (see AIA Document A201).
66
Special Conditions
Additional requirements to the Supplementary General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. These requirements are usually requested by government or local building agencies.
67
According to the AIA General Conditions, what are the architect's responsibilities regarding ship drawings?
They are responsible for the timely review and approval of shop drawings. Their approval verifies the shop drawing's conformance with the design intent of the contract documents. Their review is not intended to determine the accuracy of dimensions, quantities or completeness of the information and does not constitute approval of any safety precautions or construction methods.
They may request that the contractor revise and resubmit the shop drawings. Records of these and other submittals should be maintained to avoid possible claims. (See AIA document G712)
68
According to the AIA General Conditions, what are the contractor's responsibilities regarding shop drawings?
They are responsible for providing or obtaining shop drawings from subcontractors and manufacturers. Their approval and submittal of shop drawings to the architect represents that they have reviewed and verified the use of appropriate materials, proper field measurements, field construction requirements, and have coordinated the information contained in the submittal.
This approval is to be done in a timely manner so as not to delay the progress of the work. Deviations from the contract documents must be called to attention of the architect in writing and requires specific approval from the architect. Architectural approval of the shop drawings does not relieve the contractor of the responsibility of errors or omissions. (See AIA Document A201)
69
According to AIA Document A201, an architect's periodic site visits during construction are considered:
a) Supervisions
b) Inspections
c) Observations
d) Examinations
c) Observations
Other than the two required inspections of a project, the architect's site visits are an observation of the project. The architect may visit the site several times during the course of construction in an effort to become familiar with the progress. This allows the architect to keep the owner informed about the progress, protect the owner against any deficiencies in the construction, and see that the construction is in accordance with the contract documents. These observations are not meant to be exhaustive or continuous on-site inspections.
70
What is the role of the architect regarding the owner and the use of the standard AIA contracts?
Although the standard AIA contracts are widely used in the construction industry and understood by contractors and clients alike, the architect should not advise a client in legal matters. Doing so may expose the architect to increased liability.
71
According to the AIA General Conditions, who is responsible for the approval of shop drawings?
I. The Owner
II. The Contractor
III. The Architect
IV. The Manufacturer
a) I and II
b) I and III
c) II and III
d) III and IV
c) II and III
The contractor reviews shop drawings for compliance with the contract documents, approves and submits them to the architect. Upon the architect's approval, the contractor may perform that portion of the work. (See AIA Document A201)
72
How can AIA Document A201 be adapted to the specific requirements of a construction project?
This can be achieved through the use of special or supplementary conditions. The General Conditions of the Contract for Construction is a commonly used and understood contract between an owner and a subcontractor for a conventional design-bid-build project delivery. Substitution of individual provisions should be done only with expert legal advice. However, in order to tailor the contract to a particular project, conditions may be added.
73
With regard to Project Delivery, define Construction Management (CM).
This is one of three main methods of project delivery. Under CM approach, an owner hires a construction manager in addition to an architect and a contractor, usually on complex or fast-track projects. They provide budget, scheduling, construction and technical expertise and work with the architect.
There are three types of CM project delivery:
1. CM-Advisor: Advises the owner regarding budget and constructability issues during design and construction.
2. CM-Agent: Hired by the owner first, CM manages the entire project on behalf of the owner.
3. CM-Constructor: Hired by the owner at 30% of design completion. Advises the owner prior to construction and then builds the project, usually for a guaranteed maximum price (GMP).
This service can be provided by an architect, contractor, or other qualified party.
74
What are the essential differences between the Design-Build and Design-Bid-Build approaches to project delivery?
The Design-Build approach views design and construction as integrated responsibilities while the more common Design-Bid-Build approach views them as separate.
Design-Build: The responsibility for both design and construction is combined. The owner has only one contract, with the designer/builder. All sub-contracts are made with the designer/builder.
Design-Bid-Build: The owner has contracts with at least two entities, the architect and the builder. The architect is contracted to develop a set of construction documents (CD's). These are then used to select bidders, establish a price for construction and administer a construction contract for the owner. While the architect is usually involved with a project through completion, the builder has the responsibility for construction.
75
Multiple Prime Contract
This is an approach where an owner contracts separately with more than one contractor for the major portions of the job, such as the mechanical or plumbing work. This can be difficult to coordinate and may require the services of a construction manager.
The most common form of owner contractor agreement is the Single Prime Contract where one contractor is responsible to the owner for the entire project.
76
Define Project Delivery
The method of approach to a construction project. Each one had different characteristics regarding the roles and responsibilities of the owner, architect and contractor. These methods form the basis for selection of the design team, contractors, types of contracts, and organization for the construction process from project inception to completed construction.
```
The most common approaches are:
1. Design-Bid-Build
2. Design-Build
3. Construction Management
CM-Advisor
CM-Agent-
CM-Constructor (CMc)
```
77
Addendum
A written or graphic notice issued by the architect, prior to the execution of the Contract for Construction, and distributed to the bidding parties during the bid phase. This notice is a modification, and through additions, deletions, or corrections, it is intended to clarify some aspect of the bidding documents.
78
Record Drawings
Construction drawings; change orders, specifications, and shop drawings revised to show significant changes made during construction. They are typically based on marked-up prints maintained by the contractor throughout the course of construction. These drawings are to be furnished to the architect. They are not to be confused with as-built drawings, which document only the finished condition of a project.
79
Alternates
A request in the bidding documents that asks the contractor to provide the owner with options in the selection of materials, products or systems for the work described in the contract documents. It may also indicate the addition or deletion of some portion of the project and is reflected in the variation in price from the base bid. For example, the contractor may be asked to provide a price for the option of using a slate tile roof compared to an asphalt shingle or a full basement compared to a crawl space. This offers the owner the flexibility to tailor the cost of the project by varying the quality or quantity of the work.
80
Define Unit Price
A contract or bid amount, based on definable measure such as the price per square foot of sheet rock or cubic yard of concrete. It is used on projects when it is difficult to determine the exact quantity of material or equipment at the time of bidding and negotiation of the construction contract.
Unit cost, however, is a method of construction-cost-estimating done by the architect during programming and pre-design.
81
Application for Payment
These itemized requests for payment are made by the contractor sand submitted to the architect at specific intervals during a project. These periodic payments by the owner are called progress payments and are for the completed portion of the work including materials and equipment stored on and off site if approved by the owner. They are to be submitted at least 10 days prior to the date established by the schedule of values.
Prior to payment the architect reviews the contractor's request, and if approved, issues a certificate of payment to the owner.
82
Certificate of Payment
A statement from the architect to the owner verifying the amount of money due to the contractor for accomplished work. By issuing this statement the architect confirms that the work noted on the contractor's Application for Payment has progressed according to the schedule of values, is in accordance with the contract documents, and that the contractor is entitled to payment from the owner.
Upon receipt of the Application for Payment, the architect has seven days to either, approve the contractor's request and issue this statement to the owner, or contact the owner and contractor with the reason for withholding approval. (See AIA Document A201)
83
Liquidated Damages
A sum established in the contract for construction, usually a fixed daily amount, to be paid by the contractor to the owner as a measure of damages for the contractor's failure to complete the work within the time stipulated in the contract documents.
A provision in the contract for construction called a Bonus Clause will allow the contractor to receive additional payment as a reward for completing the work prior to the stipulated date.
84
# Define the following terms:
1. Closed Specifications
2. Open Specifications
3. Performance Specifications
4. Cash Allowance Specifications
5. Reference Standard Specifications
1. Also called Prescriptive, Base Bid, or Proprietary Specifications, where specified products or processes are stipulated without provision or substitution.
2. Often used for public projects to ensure competitive bidding, it allows the contractor to substitute products of equal quality and performance if approved by the architect.
3. A type of Open Specification that sets criteria and defines the results required of the assembly, component, or device being specified.
4. Established a dollar amount allocated for each item in the specification.
5. A type of Performance Specification where items specified must meet certain requirements set by an accepted authority or test method such as, (UL) Underwriter's Laboratories, (ASTM) America Society for Testing and Materials or (ANSI) American National Standard Institute.
85
Change Order
A written amendment to the construction contract, prepared by the architect, and signed by the architect, owner, and contractor. It is an agreement to modify a portion of the work and defines its impact on the contract sum and the contract time.
This authorization is used to accommodate some unforeseen condition during construction. For example, a particular stone cladding is no longer available and the owner has selected another type that may be different price or take longer to acquire.
The architect does have the authority to authorize minor changes in the work where there is no change in cost or construction time. (See AIA Document A201)
86
While observing the construction of a project, an architect notices some workers struggling to lift a heavy wall into place. The architect may:
a) Inform the contractor
b) Suggest alternate techniques
c) Make a safety recommendation
d) Lend a hand
a) Inform the contractor
According to the General Conditions and AIA Document B201 the contractor is responsible for, and the architect shall not have control over the; means, methods, techniques, sequences, procedure, or safety of construction. These issues are at the discretion of the contractor provided the end result is in accordance with the contract documents.
However, the architect cannot ignore hazardous behavior and may need to notify the contractor and owner, in writing, if safety issues persist.
87
During a site visit an architect observes an unsafe condition in the execution of construction. What course of action should the architect take?
The architect should notify the contractor of the condition immediately and, if necessary, follow up by including the observation in a field report. It is the contractor's responsibility to maintain site safety. Therefore, the architect should not make corrective suggestions or recommendations regarding construction means and techniques. In the event of an accident these recommendations could result in the architect's exposure to liability.
88
Site Visit Documentation
In order to properly record observations during a site visit, the architect may fill out a Field Report. This report may contain, but is not limited to:
1. The date and time of the observation
2. Current work activity
3. Project progress compared to the project schedule
4. Names of the people present
5. Weather conditions
To facilitate accurate documentation, which may become evidence in subsequent legal proceedings, the architect may bring to the site; a copy of the previous report, a current set of drawings, a camera, an audio or video tape recorder, or journal for personal notes or reminders.
89
Errors and Omissions
A type of professional liability insurance. It is intended for the protection of the architect or other professional from liability arising from negligence or failure to meet the standards of care expected from a professional.
90
Name three options available to the architect when an owner requests a substantial reduction in the time allotted for the design phases of a project.
1. Work the design team overtime: This is costly and inefficient.
2. Hire more design team members: This is also costly and will require time for the new team members to catch up.
3. Reduce the number of hours spent on the project: This may jeopardize the quality of the project, and add to construction time and cost.
91
Liens
A claim against an owner's property for outstanding payment of labor, materials, or services for that property. An architect or engineer may be entitled to impose this claim. To satisfy the claim, an owner may be forced to sell the property. This only applies to non-governmental improvements and may not be imposed against other assets of the owner. Clear property title cannot be obtained until the claim is settled. Also called a Mechanics Lien.
92
When is the architect the final arbitrator?
In a construction project the architect is the final arbitrator with regard to only artistic effect.
The architect can be the initial decision-maker in disputes between an owner and a contractor. Although under the standard AIA documents the architect serves as the owner's representative, the architect also serves as an impartial interpreter of the requirements of the contract documents. Because of this potential conflict of interest, the owner or contractor may choose another method of dispute resolution, such as dispute-review-board, mediation, arbitration, or litigation.
93
An architect suspects that a portion of some construction has not been done in compliance with the contract documents and requests that the owner have some testing done. The test results show that the work is in compliance with the requirements of the contract documents. Who is responsible to pay for the testing?
a) The contractor
b) The owner
c) The architect
d) The subcontractor responsible for the work in question
b) The owner
In this case, the owner is also responsible to pay for any work required to restore construction to its pre-test condition. If, however, the tests prove that the work does not comply with the requirements of the contact documents then the contractor is responsible for the cost of testing as well as any repairs.
94
It is discovered that concrete test cylinders from a foundation pour have tested far below the expected results for the seven day strength test. What authority does the architect have?
The architect may NOT immediately order the removal of all suspect concrete. However, the architect, with the owner's consent, may order testing on all foundation work by an independent testing laboratory. Assuming that sufficient concrete strength was specified by the architect and that the testing reveals insufficient concrete strength, the contractor is responsible for the cost of the tests as well as the correction of the work.
95
A contractor is preparing a bid proposal for a project and would like to substitute an alternative material known to be comparable in quality to the material specified by the architect. What must the contractor do?
The contractor must notify the owner ( in writing, before the bids are due) with a request for approval of the proposed substitution. If the owner approves of the alternate material, the architect will issue an addendum to the specifications to the contractor as well as any other bidders, who may us the approved substitution in their bid proposals.
96
When does the architect have the authority to order an aesthetic design change that will add two weeks to the construction time?
a) With the owner's verbal approval of the changes.
b) With the contractor's approval in writing
c) Any time during the construction administration phase.
d) Upon completion of a change order
d) Upon completion of a change order
The architect may order changes affecting the contract time or contract sum only with the consent of the owner in the form of a construction change directive, or with the additional consent of the contractor in a change order.
97
With regard to the architect's compensation, which of the following is not considered a reimbursable expense?
a) Overtime
b) Travel and transportation
c) Models
d) Reproductions
c) Models
Only if they are requested by the owner are renderings, models or mock-ups considered reimbursable expenses. In connection with a project, an owner is responsible for an architect's expenses regarding:
Travel, transportation, long distance communication, and fees for securing approval of building authorities.
Overtime, if billed at a higher than regular rate and authorized in advance.
Reproduction, postage, fax transmission, express delivery and handling of drawings, specifications, and other documents.
Insurance coverage in addition to that normally carried by the architect, when requested by the owner.
98
What is the owner's authority regarding the selection of subcontractors?
After the award of the contract for construction, the contractor is to furnish the owner (through the architect) with a list of proposed subcontractors.
The owner is then obligated to notify the contractor of any reasonable objections. If no notice is given by the owner, the contractor may assume that there are no objections to the list.
99
During the bid phase, a bidder finds two different details for the same connection. What is the correct course of action?
a) Provide a bid price for the less expensive detail
b) Provide a contingency allowance
c) Notify the architect
d) Increase the bid to cover both options.
c) Notify the architect
The discrepancy should be brought to the attention of the architect in writing. The architect should interpret the conflict and determine which detail is appropriate. Then, the architect should issue a written addendum to all bidders for clarification. This will allow the contractors to bid more accurately.
100
A soil test is requested by the architect. In most cases, who will pay for the test?
a) The contractor
b) The owner
c) The architect
d) The soil engineer
b) The owner
It is recommended that the owner, not the architect, furnish the services of a geotechnical engineer. These services may include test borings, test pits, percolation tests, tests of subsoil conditions, etc. These tests are not part of the architect's basic services. Since information is furnished by the owner, the architect does not assume liability for the accuracy and completeness of the tests (see AIA Document B201). The owner may use AIA document G602 to request proposals for these services.
101
After execution of the Owner-Architect Agreement, certain circumstances may affect the architect's services. These changes in service may entitle the architect to additional compensation. Name some of the circumstances.
1. Decisions by the owner that require changes to the instruments of service, such as, changes in a project's scope, quality or budget.
2. New or revised codes, laws or regulations that require changes to the completed drawings.
3. The architect's preparation for, or attendance at public hearings or dispute resolutions in which the architect in not directly involved.
102
The Final Certificate for Payment may be issues after the contractor accomplishes what task?
Upon the contractor's completion of the work outlined in the punch list, the architect may issue the final certificate of payment to the contractor.
103
When is the architect responsible for estimating the cost of construction?
At the end of the schematic design phase, the architect must submit a preliminary estimate of construction cost to the owner. This estimate is based on current area, volume, or unit cost.
Preliminary estimates of construction submitted by consultants are also included. Although these should always be prepared with reasonable care, they are only a general estimate based upon the construction knowledge and experience of the consultants.
At the end of both design development and construction documents phase the architect must notify the owner (preferably in writing) of any adjustments to the estimate or that the estimate is unchanged. In the owner required more detailed estimates it would be treated as an optional additional service for an additional fee.
104
How many times must the architect inspect a project?
a) one time
b) two times
c) three times
d) Continuously during construction
b) Two times
The architect will visit the site at appropriate stages throughout the course of construction. However, According to AIA Document A201, General Conditions of the Contract for Construction, the architect is normally required to make only two on-site inspections of the project. The first, to determine the date of substantial completion and the second is to determine final completion.
105
With regard to the owner, what is the architect's role in the bidding process?
During the construction documents phase, the architect is required to assist the owner in the preparation of the bidding documents and requirements. Other obligations of the architect include assisting the owner in:
1. Compiling a list of prospective bidders or contractors.
2. Obtaining competitive bids or negotiated proposals.
3. Preparing and awarding contracts for construction.
4. Evaluation of the successful bid proposal.
106
Once a contractor considers a project to be substantially complete, he compiles a list of unfinished items that is provided to the architect. This list is called what?
a) A task list
b) A list of final completion
c) A partial occupancy list
d) A punch list
d) A punch list
Because an architect inspects a project at substantial completion, it is also called an inspection list and is usually expanded by the architect as a result of a detailed inspection.
The list includes items to be completed, or corrected if not in accordance with the contract documents, prior to final payment to the contractor. Upon completion of these items, the architect will make a final punch list inspection. If the architect finds the project to be substantially complete, the contractor will submit a final application for payment.
The architect in turn issues to the owner a final certificate for payment, which entitles the contractor to final payment.
107
What is the main purpose of building codes?
While they do define minimum required standards and promote quality performance in the construction industry, the main purpose is to protect the health and safety of the public.
108
O.S.H.A.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Enacted in 1970, this federal agency was created in the interest of public safety and is charged with the responsibility of protecting workers from job-site hazards. As an employer, the contractor must maintain construction site safety and adhere to the standards set by the agency. For legal liability reasons it is not the architect's responsibility to review site safety.
109
How is a parcel of land described?
It is described according to the property lines and boundaries. A metes and bounds survey identifies the length and compass orientation of each property line. It can also be described by its location within a township or subdivision.
110
What are the characteristics of mechanical, electrical and plumbing drawings?
The drawings and schedules prepared by these consultants contain information regarding the systems themselves, such as equipment, dimensions and the sizes of ducts or pipes. They are diagrammatic as a rule and do not contain complete dimensional information relating the systems to the physical conditions. The exact location of many of these components may be determined in the field by the contractor. Therefore, to achieve the desired end result, it is imperative that the architect coordinate the work of the consultants with the architectural working drawings.
111
Name the most common problem that can occur at the intersection of a parapet wall and a flat roof.
Seepage of moisture into the structure. This can be due to several factors including; improper drainage, an insufficiently sloped roof, excessive drift, or an improperly detailed connection.
112
Under what conditions might the feasibility of installing underground electrical power lines be in question?
Areas where bedrock or high water table exist near the surface may cause excavation to be prohibitively expensive. It may be necessary to request that an owner furnish geotechnical information in order to determine the feasibility.
113
How much time does an architect have to process shop drawings submitted by the contractor?
With regard to submittals, the architect is expected to; review and approve, or take other action with "reasonable promptness", according to the AIA General Conditions. This allows sufficient time for architectural review without causing a delay in the progress of the project. The exact amount of time is not specified but 10 working days is common. (See AIA Document A201)
114
If a contractor refuses to keep the job site neat and orderly, what recourse does the owner have?
According to the AIA General Conditions, if a dispute arises between the contractor or subcontractors, and the owner regarding the maintenance of the job site and keeping the area free from waste created during construction. the owner has the right to have the site cleaned. The architect will determine who is responsible and will allocate the cost of clean-up accordingly.
115
What is the architect's authority regarding a contractors use of non-union labor in the construction of a project?
Although non-union workers may charge a lower labor rate, an architect has no authority over the contractor's selection of his work force.
Construction work is usually organized and coordinated according to trade union rules and at the discretion of the contractor.
116
Project Closeout
Defined accordingly to the requirements of the contract documents; final inspection, final payment, submittal of documentation, and acceptance of the construction project. As the project comes to an end, it is necessary for the architect to finalize outstanding billing, collections, project files, and create the project archive.
117
1. Cost Plus Fee
Vs
2. Percentage of Construction Cost
1. An owner/contractor or owner/architect agreement in which the contractor or architect is reimbursed for the actual expenses to perform the work, including salaries, employee benefits, office overhead, etc., plus a negotiated fee for profit. Usually includes a guaranteed maximum price (GMP). (See AIA Document A111)
2. A method of compensation for construction or professional services based on a percentage of total cost of construction. (See AIA Document B101)
118
Bid Bond
A surety in the form of a forfeiture bond that is required by public agencies and some private owners. It is submitted with a bid and guarantees that a bidder, if awarded a contract, will enter into the contract within a specified time, and in accordance with the requirements of the bidding documents. These bonds are usually made for 5 to 10 percent of the bid amount and are activated if the selected bidder refuses to sign the contract (See AIA Document A310)
119
Name and describe the three approached to cost estimating, according to the AIA.
AREA, VOLUME and OTHER SINGLE-UNIT RATE METHODS: Used primarily in the programming and pre-design phases, this approach involves calculations based on definable units, such as the number of hotel rooms or the number of parking spaces in a garage. Calculations can also be based on cost per square foot or sometimes cubic foot. In addition, estimates can be based on the price of each type of space in a project. For example, a restaurant may have different square-footage-cost factors for the dining area, kitchen and bar.
ELEMENTAL METHODS (Assemblies and Subsystems): Commonly used in the schematic design phase, this approach involves dividing a building into several functional categories such as partitions, foundations, finishes, etc, and assigning a target cost to each. Building cost is estimated based on the sum of its elements.
QUANTITY SURVEY METHOD: This extremely detailed approach, used during the design development and construction documents phases, involves calculations for each component of a building. For example, the length of all wiring and duct runs measured as well as all necessary trim, cover plates, vents, etc. Prices are assigned to each material and include allowances for labor, time, and contractor overhead and profit. While appropriate for contractors, the architect is likely to use this approach only to analyze alternatives to a specific design decision.
120
Construction cost includes all the following except:
a) Labor
b) Contingencies
c) Surveys
d) Contractor fees
c) Surveys
Construction cost excludes the fees for professional services, for example, architects fees and surveys, as well as other budget items that are the responsibility of the owner such as land costs and financing.
121
Labor often comprises what percentage of the construction cost?
a) 10%
b) 25%
c) 50%
d) 75%
c) 50%
Labor costs account for substantial portion of the construction costs, often as much as 50% or more. Therefore, the architect should endeavor to minimize the amount of on-site labor. The use of repetitive elements or prefabricated components are two methods used to speed construction and reduce labor costs.
122
A payment made by the owner to the contractor upon issuance of the Final Certificate for Payment is called what?
Final Payment.
This payment signifies a confirmation of the owner's acceptance of the project from the contractor.
Upon completion of the punch list items, the architect makes a final inspection. If the project is fully complete, according to the contract documents, the architect issues to the owner a Final Certificate for Payment. This represents that the requirements have been fulfilled and the contractor is entitled to final payment. This payment constitutes the balance due to the contractor after adjustments for change orders.
According to the AIA General Conditions, before final payment can be made, the contractor must submit several items to the architect such as an affidavit stating that the owner's property is free of debts and liens and a certificate verifying that insurance will remain in force.
123
A contractor submits a bid price for the cost of construction that shows a numerical figure of $56,000 and a written figure of sixty-five thousand. What are the ramifications of this inconsistency?
A contractor's bid shows the cost of construction represented as both numbers and words. If there is any discrepancy between them, the written word takes precedent over the numbers.
124
Of all the common participants in a typical construction project, to whom is the owner not legally bound?
The owner has no direct contractual relationship with subcontractors or consultants.
The owner is legally bound to the contractor and the architect. Typically, subcontractors are under contract with the general contractor and consultants are under contract with the architect.
125
Critical Path Method (CPM)
A graphical sequence method where all the tasks necessary to complete a project are charted in the sequence in which they must occur. The sequence is delineated by arrows that connect tasks and identify the interrelationships and time needed for the different project phases.
Unlike the Bar Chart Method of scheduling, the CPM shows all dependent relationships among tasks, making it far more informative.
Computers are often used to develop the CPM for larger and more complex projects where the number of tasks and relationships would otherwise be too unwieldy to manage.
When applied to construction scheduling, the CPM saves time and money by allowing for efficient sequencing of tasks.
126
Define Fast Track
A type of project delivery scheduling that attempts to decrease total project time by overlapping the design and construction phases. In these projects contracts are awarded to different contractors in stages, as the design is completed. For example, work on the foundation can begin while the architect completes design details for the mechanical systems.
ADVANTAGES: When an owner is pressed to complete a project quickly, or in times of high inflation, it may make sense to minimize overall project time.
DISADVANTAGES: It is impossible to know the total project cost until the last contract has been signed. This places extra burden on the general contractor or construction manager since they are expected to estimate prices based on incomplete documents. The extra effort necessary to orchestrate the many aspects of the project rend to raise the architect's fee.
127
The statement issued by the contractor, that describes the portions of the Contract Sum that are allocated to various parts of the project, is called a:
a) Critical Path Allotment
b) Certificate of Itemization
c) Task Breakdown
d) Schedule of Values
d) Schedule of Values
This schedule, furnished to the architect prior to the first application of payment, is used as the basis by which the architect reviews the contractor's application, approves progress payments, and issues certificated for payment to the owner.
128
A contractor determines that a prefabricated stair does NOT fit in its final location. The construction documents were reviewed by the city, permits were issues, and the stairs were built from architect approved construction documents and shop drawings. Who is responsible?
a) The owner
b) The architect
c) The contractor
d) The stair fabricator
b) The architect
The architect is responsible for the accuracy of the construction documents regardless of the reviews or approvals from other parties.
129
Upon completion and distribution, the copyright on an architect's drawings belongs to:
a) The owner
b) The architect
c) The contractor
d) The local governing agency
b) The architect
All drawings, specifications, and documents, including those in electronic form, that have been prepared by the architect will remain the copyrighted property of the architect. These documents are considered instruments of service. They may not be used for other projects, or additions to the project for which they were prepared, without the written permission of the owner and architect.
130
Dimensional Tolerances
This is typically dependent upon the level of detailing or specifications in the construction documents. For example; 1/4" out of plumb may be acceptable for a wall panel 9'-6' high. Millwork is generally about 1/64" while the poured concrete may be 2" or more.
131
A revised contour line is represented on a topographic map by what type of line?
a) solid line
b) a dashed line
c) a centerline
d) a break line
a) a sold line
A solid line represents a new contour line whereas a dashed line represents an existing contour line.
Remember that contour lines are labeled with the elevation number on the high side of the contour.
132
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) contamination can be a problem during construction as well as post occupancy. Name several specifications on architect can require to minimize this occurrence.
1. Materials with low emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
2. Detailing to isolate potential sources of contamination from the air.
3. The use of construction sequencing so that wet and off-gassing materials are applied or installed prior to dry materials that may absorb contaminants.
4. An air-quality-management plan.
5. Temporary ventilation using 100% outside air after the building envelope is substantially enclosed.
6. HVAC filters.
7. Air-quality tests prior to occupancy
8. Ventilate with 100% outside air for up to 30 days prior to occupancy to flush out contaminants.
9. For phased construction or renovation projects, isolate construction areas and protect occupied areas from contaminants.
133
Name two methods of concrete testing.
1. SLUMP: A measure of the degree of consistency of a mixture prior to pouring or forming. A metal cone is filled with a wet mixture. When the cone is removed, the difference in height from the sample to the original height of the cone is then measured, in inches. This indicates the amount of water in the mix. It is a prediction of the workability of the mixture during placing.
An alternative is the Kelly ball test. The device consists of a metal plunger with a hemispherical bottom. The plunger is dropped into wet concrete and the consistency is determined by the depth of penetration.
2. CYLINDRICAL MOLD: A measure of compressive strength. In accordance with ASTM testing procedures, at regular intervals throughout a pour, samples are placed into a mold 6" in diameter by 12" high. Compressive strength tests are preformed on the samples at periods of 7 and 28 days. Typically concrete is designed to reach Maximum Compressive Strength of 3000 psi. after 28 days.
In addition, cylindrical core samples can be drilled from cured mixtures on site and compression tested if strength is in question.
134
Gradient Ratio
A term used to describe slope. Although the formula for percentage of slope is solved using d/L (rise over run), this term is usually expressed as a ratio between horizontal distance (run) and vertical rise (or fall) of a grade. For example, 5:1 designates five feet of run to one foot change in vertical height.
5:1 or 1/5=.20 or 20%
134
Gratings are permitted in pedestrian circulation areas. However, the maximum size of an opening shall be no greater than _________ in one direction, and elongated openings must be oriented so that the long dimension is _________ to the dominant path of travel.
a) 1/2" : parallel
b) 3/4" : parallel
c) 3/4" : perpendicular
d) 1/2" : perpendicular
d) 1/2" : perpendicular
According to model standards, such as ADA, openings in gratings located in accessible spaces must be 1/2" or less in one direction. And, elongated openings shall be placed so that the long dimension is perpendicular to the dominant path of travel. This size and orientation requirement is intended to minimize potential hazards to pedestrians and limit the possibility of a wheelchair becoming stuck in the grating.
135
Gratings are permitted in pedestrian circulation areas. However, the maximum size of an opening shall be no greater than _________ in one direction, and elongated openings must be oriented so that the long dimension is _________ to the dominant path of travel.
a) 1/2" : parallel
b) 3/4" : parallel
c) 3/4" : perpendicular
d) 1/2" : perpendicular
d) 1/2" : perpendicular
According to model standards, such as ADA, openings in gratings located in accessible spaces must be 1/2" or less in one direction. And, elongated openings shall be placed so that the long dimension is perpendicular to the dominant path of travel. This size and orientation requirement is intended to minimize potential hazards to pedestrians and limit the possibility of a wheelchair becoming stuck in the grating.
136
When is the use of mock-ups appropriate?
This process of modeling an object or building component, to scale or full size, for the purpose of studying or clarifying construction details, aesthetics, scale or testing performance. It is useful when an innovative detail is specified and the additional time and cost of preparing the model outweighs the potential cost of unforeseen problems.
