Construction technology and environmental services Flashcards

Question

25. What is CLT?

Answer 1

Cross Laminated Timber - a type of engineered wood product that is used as a sustainable and renewable building material CLT is formed of kiln-dried spruce or pine boards which are stacked in layers on top of each other at 90° (three, five, seven or nine layers depending on structural requirements), coated with a layer of polyurethane adhesive and subjected to immense hydraulic pressure to create large, stiff, dimensionally stable panels. These timber panels, which can measure up to 3.5m in width and 20m in length, depending on specification, can be used to create the complete superstructure of a building. CLT panels are precision cut by CNC machines (from 3D CAD drawings) and delivered to site to be installed

Answer 2

* RIBA 0 – Strategic definition * RIBA 1 – Preparation & brief * RIBA 2 – Concept design * RIBA 3 – Spatial co-ordination * RIBA 4 –Technical Design * RIBA 5 – Manufacturing & construction * RIBA 6 – Handover * RIBA 7 – Use

Answer 3

Roofs Primary function to provide: * adequate weather exclusion; * prevent heat loss; * provide resistance to failure; * adequate drainage; * sound insulation; * daylight

Answer 4

The MOD are working towards net zero by 2050 ambitions, whilst aligning with the Greening Government Commitments to ensure short term actions are taken, as well as contributing to the long-term strategy by reducing emissions and scaling up the transition to renewables * By 2025: Defence has reduced its built estate emissions by at least 30% * By 2025: Climate change implications are consistently and appropriately considered across military decision-making. * By 2025: Data has laid the foundations for Defence to actively manage sustainability targets. * By 2025: The Defence Support Organisation understands its dependencies and chosen approach on cleaner, resilient energy options

Answer 5

Arcadis have a clear ambition split into three pillars - Client Solutions: Delivering sustainable outcomes, Business Operations: Our footprint, People and Communities: Driving better outcomes for all. However, have a focus on NZC and a target to becoming a net zero company by 2035 and we have set specific goals to accomplish this over the coming years, including a 2035 full value chain net zero target aligned with the UN Race to Zero. This is to be achieved through achieving a series of milestones, set in 2019, the next milestone being to reduce flight emissions by 50% by 2025, then to halve company emissions by 2028.

Answer 6

Environmental social Governance ESG is a framework that helps stakeholders understand how an organization manages risks and opportunities around sustainability issues. 1- Environmental factors refer to an organization’s environmental impact(s) and risk management practices 2- The social pillar refers to an organization’s relationships with stakeholders. 3- Corporate governance refers to how an organization is led and managed. ESG analysts will seek to understand better how leadership’s incentives are aligned with stakeholder expectations, how shareholder rights are viewed and honoured, and what types of internal controls exist to promote transparency and accountability on the part of leadership

Answer 7

* Push taps * Censored / motion detector lighting * Water flow regulators * Air ground and ground source heat pumps * PV panels

Answer 8

* Asbestos is the term used for the fibrous forms of several naturally occurring minerals, which are found throughout the world. * Asbestos is considered a deleterious material * Asbestos materials in good condition are safe unless fibres become airborne, which happens when materials are damaged * 1960s 1980s and it was extensively used when building post-war New Towns. * The Health and Safety at Work Act was introduced in 1974 and this enabled the government to bring in subsequent legislation aimed specifically at asbestos, as the harmful effects on the body became better known. * 1999 all forms of asbestos were banned The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 - employers must carry out risk assessments to eliminate or reduce risks. In the context of our projects it would be a risk assessment, request for the asbestos register, and depending on the nature of work an R&D survey. * The Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012 impose regulations around managing and handling asbestos and implementation of asbestos management plans.

Answer 9

* Petrol shortage * Co2 shortage * Magnesium shortage * Grain shortage * COVID * Brexit and its resulting logistics and haulage delays & associated costs * Russia Ukraine war * Use of AI * Push for NZC by 2030) - ok, good, best answer

Answer 10

are there to protect clients from current trends within the market? * Early procurement * Fast procurement * Direct procurement - buying long essentially i.e. trying to beat the market & inflation * Risk sharing in contracts i.e. fluctuations & delay clauses associated with resource scarcity, and hedging: put and pull options, * Learning from overseas counterparts * Learning from the past to inform the future - modular design, circularity

Answer 11

* RIBA 0 – Strategic definition. * Outcome: The best means of achieving the Client Requirements confirmed * Core tasks: Prepare Client Requirements, Develop Business Case for feasible options including review of Project Risks and Project Budget, ratify option that best delivers Client Requirements Review Feedback from previous projects, Undertake Site Appraisals

Answer 12

* Preparation & brief * Outcome: Project Brief approved by the client and confirmed that it can be accommodated on the site * Core tasks: Prepare Project Brief including Project Outcomes and Sustainability Outcomes, Quality Aspirations and Spatial Requirements, Undertake Feasibility Studies, Agree Project Budget, Source Site Information including Site Surveys Prepare Project Programme Prepare Project Execution Plan

Answer 13

* Concept design * Outcome: Architectural Concept approved by the client and aligned to the Project Brief * Core tasks: Prepare Architectural Concept incorporating Strategic Engineering requirements and aligned to Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification, Agree Project Brief Derogations, Undertake Design Reviews with client and Project Stakeholders, Prepare stage Design Programme

Answer 14

* Spatial co-ordination * Outcome: Architectural and engineering information Spatially Coordinated * Core tasks: Undertake Design Studies, Engineering Analysis and Cost Exercises to test Architectural Concept resulting in Spatially Coordinated design aligned to updated Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification, Initiate Change Control Procedures, Prepare stage Design Programme

Answer 15

* Technical Design * Outcome: All design information required to manufacture and construct the project completed * Core tasks: Develop architectural and engineering technical design Prepare and coordinate design team Building Systems information Prepare and integrate specialist subcontractor Building Systems information, Prepare stage Design Programme

Answer 16

* Manufacturing & construction * Outcome: Manufacturing, construction and commissioning complete * Core tasks: Finalise Site Logistics, Manufacture Building Systems and construct building, Monitor progress against Construction Programme, Inspect Construction Quality, Resolve Site Queries as required, Undertake Commissioning * of building, Prepare Building Manual

Answer 17

* Handover * Outcome: Building handed over, Aftercare initiated, and Building Contract concluded * Core tasks: Hand over building in line with Plan for Use Strategy, Undertake review of Project Performance, Undertake seasonal Commissioning, Rectify defects Complete initial Aftercare tasks including light touch Post Occupancy evaluation

Answer 18

* Use * Outcome: Building used, operated, and maintained efficiently * Core tasks: Implement Facilities Management and Asset Management, Undertake Post Occupancy Evaluation of building performance in use, Verify Project Outcomes including Sustainability Outcomes

Answer 19

* Shallow foundations: Load imposed is low relative to bearing capacity of surface soil. Includes – Strip, pad & raft * Deep foundations: Bearing capacity of soil is not adequate to support load so needs to be transferred to deeper laers with higher bearing capacity. Includes – Piles

Answer 20

Type chosen is dependent on; o Load bearing being transmitted o Bearing capacity of the soil o Space availability

Answer 21

* Continuous strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall * Suitable for most subsoils and lightweight loadings (low to medium risk dwellings)

Answer 22

* Formed by square concrete pads that support localised single point loads such as structural columns, groups of columns or framed structures * Load of a column is spread by the pad to the bearing layer of soil or rock below * Arrangement depends on the nature of the structure, load imposed, bearing capacity and space availability * Suitable for lightweight warehouses

Answer 23

* Slabs that cover a wide area (often entire building footprint) * Suitable where the ground conditions are poor or where it may be impractical to create individual strip or pad foundations to a large number of individual loads * Suitable for typical warehouse where loads need to be transferred far

Answer 24

* A series of columns constructed or inserted into the ground to transfer the load of a building to the lower sub-level of soil * A foundation is described as a pile when its depth is 3 x its breadth * Suitable where near surface soils are poor (i.e high water table) * Components: Piling mat, piling rig, Concrete and steel reinforcements pile * Disposal of arisings * Pile test * Pile cap

Answer 25

* Flat - one that is either horizontal or practically horizontal with a slope less than 10°. * Pitched - made up of two sloping roof faces more than 10° that are equal in size and meet at a ridge at the top * Mansard – Two or more degrees of roof pitch

Answer 26

* warm vs cold * Warm – A warm roof is where the insulation is attached to the floor decking and rafters. The entire roof is insulated which leads to a better performance, hence the name ‘Warm Roof’. Ceiling height to be considered, but more common with pitched roofs which feature a higher profile where this is less of an issue. * Cold – Insulation is placed below the roof rafters, less expensive but can result in heat loss and requires ventilation to avoid condensation

Answer 27

* Bored - Bored piles remove spoil to form a hole for the pile which is poured in situ. * Sheet piling - Sheet piles are sections of sheet materials with interlocking edges that are driven into the ground to provide earth retention and excavation support * Secant piles – interlocking piles (male and female, often different diameters and hardness) are bored to provide a combination of foundations and basement walls. They go someway in providing a waterproof structure. Secant piles are often seen when a top down construction method is used. * Pre-cast piles – pre-cast piles are brought to site and hammered into the ground. Not often favoured due to the high noise levels associated with installation and the lack of flexibility in terms of depth required

Answer 28

* Air handling unit * Large metal box that connects to duct work drags air in and distributes the conditioned (and heated or cooled) air through the building (distributed by FCU) as part of a heating, ventilation and/or air-conditioning (HVAC) system. They can be used to control the temperature and humidity of the air After heating or cooling the air, the air stream is moved to the required location through air ducts It contains a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks, sound attenuators and dampers An AHU is a large unit typically installed remotely that supplies and conditions air to multiple spaces via ducting. * Advantages: Constant reliable rate of ventilation is assured, air flow can be controlled, ability to recover heat in cold weather * Limitations: consumes significant energy, AHU ductwork requires space & maintenance, Risk of mechanical / electrical failure.

Answer 29

* Fan coil Unit * Used to control the temperature – heating or cooling in the area it is installed. * Fresh air is supplied from the AHU, passes through the filter and across a coil supplied with either hot or cold water to be heated or cooled, fan then blows the air into the space. * Advantages: economical due to their simplicity, require less space than AHU’s, unoccupied areas of the building can be isolated and shut down, zones can be controlled * Disadvantages: Can be noisy, high maintenance requirements, can cause condensation, risk of leak as it is a water system.

Answer 30

Party walls stand on the land of 2 or more owners and either: * form part of a building * don’t form part of a building, such as a garden wall (not wooden fences)

Answer 31

Party Wall Act 1996 The Party Wall Act gives the owner of a property the legal right to undertake certain works that may otherwise be construed as trespass or nuisance. You must tell your neighbours if you want to carry out any building work near or on your shared property boundary, or ‘party wall’, in England and Wales. Party walls stand on the land of 2 or more owners and either: * form part of a building * don’t form part of a building, such as a garden wall (not wooden fences) Walls on one owner’s land used by other owners (2 or more) to separate their buildings are also party walls. You must tell your neighbour if you want to: * build on or at the boundary of your 2 properties * work on an existing party wall or party structure * dig below and near to the foundation level of their property

Answer 32

* A ground source heat pump system harnesses natural heat from underground. * Fluid is pressurised and passed through a system of open or closed loop pipes and absorbs the naturally occurring heat stored in the ground, the fluid is compressed and goes through a heat exchanger, which extracts the heat and transfers it to the heat pump. The heat is then transferred to the heating system * Advantages: sustainable technology, more economical than traditional heating methods, cuts costs * Limitations: Expensive installation, disruptive to install retrospectively, bulky & loud

Answer 33

* Sustainable technology used to absorb heat from the outside air * 2 types: o Air to water – heat from the air is absorbed at a low temp into a fluid, which passes through a compressor then through to pipework sourcing for example under floor heating. o Air to air – produces warm air which is circulated by fans to heat the space.

Answer 34

An Operations and Maintenance Manual, or O&M Manual, compiles all the information on the operation, maintenance, decommission, and demolition of a building.

Answer 35

* VAV – Variable Air Volume: used in buildings with multiple zones to match the cooling / heating demands of each zone. * Constant Air Volume: Fixed volume of air supplied to multiple zones; temperature can vary.

Answer 36

They function as valves in the ducts, determining which portion of your property requires how much heated/cooled air to reach your desired settings.

Answer 37

Attenuators are necessary for restricting the sounds in ventilation systems. They lower the noises coming from turbulent air flows and fans. They can make certain that the sounds don’t go above the room’s speed noise rating level

Answer 38

* Emergency lighting is for an emergency situation when the main power supply is cut and normal electrical illumination fails. The loss of mains electricity could be the result of a fire or a power cut. * Implementation is a requirement in non domestic buildings. * Must be regularly tested and maintained. * Required to operate fully automatically and give illumination of a sufficiently high level to enable all occupants to evacuate the premises safely. * To be provided in line with Local Authority requirements and Building Regulations, British Standards provides guidelines to work to o Emergency escape lighting – To illuminate the escape route. o Standby lighting– that part of an emergency lighting system provided to enable normal activities to continue substantially unchanged. o Escape route lighting – identifies the escape route and keeps it sufficiently lit. o Open area lighting – ensures that there is sufficient illumination to allow the occupants of a building to reach a place where an escape route can be identified.

Answer 39

Fire prevention involves reducing fuel for a fire, reducing or controlling ignition sources and keeping fuel and ignition sources apart. Detectors o Heat detectors: Alarm when certain temp is exceeded o Rise in heat detector: Reacts to rate of temp increase o Flame detector o Smoke detector Active fire protection Duty of the fire protection system to extinguish the fire, control the fire, or provide exposure protection to prevent domino effects o Sprinklers o Sprayers o Foam pourers o Fixed water monitors Passive fire protection Protection of vessels from fire exposure o mortar based coating o intumescent coating o sublimation coating o mineral fibre matting o earth mounds Fire doors with automatic closers, intumescent paint, smoke seals, fire stopping around vents, fire access lift, wet risers, dry risers.

Answer 40

Mechanical ventilation heat recovery (MVHR) will be provided, which allows the recovery of a significant amount of thermal energy which is fundamental to ensuring a low space heating energy demand. All air handling units will include heat recovery and supply air will be tempered by an electric heating coil. Air will be distributed via galvanised steel ductwork and distributed by ceiling mounted diffusers. Attenuators will be provided on duct branches to minimise noise breakout from rehearsal/practice spaces and prevent crosstalk between rooms. This is in line with the recommendation with the acoustic report. Natural ventilation via window openings is recommended for the office spaces and the foyer, to create cross ventilation within the building and allow purge ventilation for mitigation of overheating

Answer 41

Operational temperature is critical to prolong the life expectancy and operational output in the rehearsal spaces and storage areas, refrigerant based Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) systems were designed within these spaces to provide heating and cooling via wall mounted units. Consideration was also given to strict noise criteria that must be met in applying this choice of ventilation. For the areas where there is no upper limit operational temperature, Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHPs) will provide low temperature hot water (LTHW) for heating.

Answer 42

Balancing out any greenhouse gas emissions produced by removing an equivalent amount from the atmosphere

Answer 43

* Natural ventilation * Mechanical ventilation * Hybrid ventilation * Spot ventilation * Task ambient conditioning

Answer 44

* new recommendations for all replacement windows to be fitted with trickle vents * Mandated checklists will now make it easier for installations of mechanical ventilation products.

Answer 45

* updated insulation requirements for new homes * Self builders will also have to conduct on-site audits to confirm that the design details in their plans have been constructed * existing homes, minimum new fabric efficiency standards for new or replacements thermal elements (doors, windows) * lazing included in extensions, improvements for lighting design and a new low flow temperature requirement for heating systems.

Answer 46

The main intention behind Building Regulations Part O is to limit excess solar gain in new and existing homes and remove excess heat. Compliance can be achieved through one of two methods (The Simplified Method or the Dynamic Thermal Modelling Method), with standards based on whether a house is cross-ventilated or not. Also, a standard is included for the maximum amount of glazing allowed in a single room.

Answer 47

Building Regulations Part S aims to futureproof homes and buildings via the installation of charging points for electric vehicles, and provides technical guidance regarding charging them in our homes. It could have an instant impact on self builders and, significantly, a £3,600 price cap per charge point will be introduced, which is designed to stop the installation of EV chargers being prohibitively expensive.

Answer 48

* Bored - Bored piles remove spoil to form a hole for the pile which is poured in situ. * Driven piling - Driven piles are driven, jacked, vibrated or screwed into the ground, displacing the material around the pile shaft outwards and downwards instead of removing it. * Sheet piling - Sheet piles are sections of sheet materials with interlocking edges that are driven into the ground to provide earth retention and excavation support * Pre-cast * Secant

Answer 49

The lower part of a building that is constructed underground

Answer 50

All elements of the building above ground including frame, upper floors, roof, external walls, windows, internal walls, doors.

Answer 51

Yes you would expect to have a concrete core acting as a fire protection method / means of escape, from which the steel frame would span.

Answer 52

Censored lights, push taps, PV panels, air source heat pumps, ground source heat pumps

Answer 53

(steel, timber, joinery, micro chips, semi conductors, copper and electrical components, concrete reinforcing bars (steel), doors, windows, paint, cement, container and shipping costs, rising energy costs, demand outstripping supply - conversely… some items like screws are a lot cheaper).

Answer 54

* Use of the space * Ventilation and mechanical ventilation requirements * Ventilation rate * Overheating factors * Aesthetic impact * Relevant HSE standards

Answer 55

* RICS Information Paper – Flat Roof Coverings 2nd Edition * Covers; * Reinforced Bitumen Membrane * Polymeric Single-ply roofing * Mastic Asphalt * Lead, Zinc, Copper, Steel sheet * Profiled Sheets * Liquid coverings

Answer 56

* Loads of the building are transmitted through the structural frame to the * foundations / ground. * Frame saves space over traditional load bearing construction, so can maximise floor * space and saves time and cost. Frames are always used for high rise buildings.

Answer 57

* The materials and components that form the external shell or enclosure of a building * May be load or non-load bearing

Answer 58

* Statutory requirements that sets out the minimum performance standards for the design and construction of buildings * Supported by the Approved Documents A to P and other codes of practices

Answer 59

* Publications issued by the British Standards Institution – prefixed BS * They give recommended min standards for materials, components, design and construction practices

Answer 60

* Prepared by the International Organisation for Standardisation – prefixed ISO * Compatible with and complement BS’s

Answer 61

* - Objective is to systematically collect and record data to help in design / construction * - Should include anything on adjacent sites that may impact and: * - Boundary hedges / fencing * - Existing trees * - Size, depth and location of services – gas, telephone, electricity, water, drains * - Existing buildings * - Ground water conditions * - Soil investigations – trial pits etc

Answer 62

The output from a VM study is a report outlining different approaches to the relationship between project objectives and business needs, or to strategic, projectrelated problems such as which site to select for a new development or which procurement route to use. The output from a VE study on the other hand is a summary of different approaches to achieving the required functionality for a particular material, component or system, the comparative costs of each of the approaches assessed, and a recommended approach that provides the best value for the project

Answer 63

value management is a process to explore how value could be provided for a project at a strategic level by helping to develop the right project brief. Used effectively, it can reduce design and construction time by giving the team a clearer focus on the client’s priority requirements.

Answer 64

Heave requirements need to be considered and so foundation depths need be provided the risk of heave. A foundation raft has been shown as we believe that that will be the most efficient foundation solution when considered holistically. Advantages of this foundation solution are: * Avoids the use of precast and avoids the implications on cost and programme that we are seeing other projects experience at this current time. This will also help to ease site logistics. * No large precast sections to be craned and the concrete volume can be minimised including the depths of excavations. The ground below the raft slab needs engineering generally to only half the depth than a traditional pad and strip foundation system. * Once the concrete is poured the foundation is completed and provides a flat and level surface for the contractor to work from when erecting the superstructure. * Avoids introduction of additional precast trade and additional wet trades as no ‘sleeper’ walls required to provide bearings to the precast elements.

Answer 65

* Building regulations are law and must be complied with * British standards are optional but is good practice to adhere to and implement

Answer 66

Implementing technologies which will save energy, for example Sustainable technologies: Light controls – censored, presence monitors, Air source heat pumps, Inverters for fan units, Water flow regulators

Answer 67

Formwork is a temporary structure that is used to support wet concrete until dried, to act as a support / or template

Answer 68

Occurs when there are two materials with significantly different thermal performance, which gives the opportunity for heat to escape, often around windows

Answer 69

When developing the RIBA 2/3 design and considering the office layout and having it as a passage to the music library, in a DTM I suggested surrounding the layout we were proposing to make it more aligned with project brief my understanding from the bands of the function and desired flow of the building.

Answer 70

Whilst suggesting alternate design methods is not within my remit of specialism as a PM, I have on the SJM site facilitated the process and meetings for suggesting use of CLT to DIO to ensure it was approved from the client, and due to being a new material obtaining approval from a CTM perspective.

Answer 71

To be poured for the purpose of levelling the floor to lay the flooring on an even level finish.

Answer 72

* Open – Cut back sides at an angle and dig out without supports (Used in fields, with limited or no constraints) * Perimeter trench excavation (Basements, dig out trenches, put in externals to provide support then dig out middle) * Complete excavation

Answer 73

As soon as possible

Answer 74

* Quality - The factory-controlled environment allows for greater quality control during the manufacturing process. * Programme – Since the foundation elements are manufactured off-site, construction time on-site can be significantly reduced. The prefabricated elements can be quickly installed, saving time and improving project efficiency. However, there are limitations on programme efficiencies If there are long lead in times or missed factory slots. * Cost – minimal difference. Prefabricated foundations can be cost-effective due to reduced labor and on-site construction time. The off-site manufacturing process allows for better cost control and planning, but can sometimes only have minimal cost differences. * Reduced Site Disruption - Prefabricated foundations require less on-site construction activities, resulting in reduced noise, dust, and disruption to the surrounding area. * Customisation - In situ foundations can be customized to suit specific project requirements. The flexibility in design allows for the creation of complex foundation shapes and sizes which can be amended during construction.

Answer 75

To update building practices to reflect current industry changes including new technologies, processes, regulations, legislation. Includes an emphasis on sustainability & climate change, highlights the importance of collaboration and communication across the project team; focuses on the client and understanding and meeting their needs and provides more flexibility to adapt to different project types.

Answer 76

Building Safety Act 2022 (BSA) represents the most significant regulatory reform to the UK’s built environment industry since the Building Act 1984. The Building Safety Act 2022 was created to address safety issues brought to light by the Grenfell disaster. The Act places duties on landlords of residential buildings considered higher-risk to remediate building defects and ensure safety standards are met. The Act creates three new bodies to provide oversight: the Building Safety Regulator, the National Regulator of Construction Products, and the New Homes Ombudsman. Many of the detailed provisions in the Act will be implemented over the next two years through a programme of secondary legislation.

Answer 77

The Act focuses on high-rise residential buildings, hospitals, and care homes that are at least 18m or seven storeys high and contain at least two residential units. Ensure safety standards are met Military sites are part of the exemptions

Answer 78

The management of climate control and responsible use of resources today to safeguard their availability and use for future generations.

Answer 79

* Assembly Process: Pre-fabricated buildings are constructed off-site in a factory or manufacturing facility, whereas traditional buildings are built on-site. * Speed of Construction: Pre-fabricated buildings generally have shorter construction timelines compared to traditional builds. Since the building components are manufactured in advance, on-site assembly can be completed relatively quickly. * Precision and Quality Control: Pre-fabricated building components are manufactured using precise measurements and quality control processes in a controlled factory environment. This can result in greater accuracy, consistency, and quality compared to on-site construction, where human errors or environmental factors may have a greater impact. * Flexibility and Customization: While pre-fabricated buildings often offer a range of standard designs and configurations, customization options may be limited compared to traditional construction. * Transportation and Logistics: Pre-fabricated building components need to be transported from the factory to the construction site. This requires careful planning and coordination. * Site Requirements and Foundations: Pre-fabricated buildings may have specific requirements for the foundation or site preparation. The foundation needs to be properly designed and prepared to accommodate the load and installation of the pre-fabricated components. In traditional construction, the foundation can be tailored to the specific needs of the building during the on-site construction process.

Answer 80

Plaster or gypsum board attached to metal or timber studs, cavity filled with insulation, same on the other side, plaster board then plastered, skimmed and painted.

Answer 81

* Grade I Listed – Of exceptional architectural or historical interest, deemed to be of national significance and rare. (Buckingham Palace, St Pauls) * Grade II* Listed – Of special architectural or historic interest, have a high level of significance in local or regional context. (Churches, historic houses) * Grad II – Of architectural or historical interest but to a lesser extent. (Monuments, residential buildings, industrial sites.)

Answer 82

117. What is top down construction? A construction method that involves simultaneous construction of above-ground and below-ground portions of a structure. Allows for efficient use of a limited space, faster progress & completion, reduced disruption to surrounding areas. However, has increased complexity and possibly higher costs than traditional construction. * Excavation of basement * Temporary structure to support excavation walls * Construction of lower levels – foundations, underground floors pouring concrete. * Above ground construction to run in parallel – upper floors, walls, structure. * Integration of upper and lower levels * Fit out & completion

Answer 83

121. Types of asbestos? * Crocidolite (blue asbestos) This rare type of asbestos is extremely strong, can withstand very high temperatures and is resistant to acids and alkalis. Due to its needle-like fibres exposure presents a serious health risk. Common uses included lagging and sprayed coatings. * Amosite (brown asbestos) This type of asbestos can withstand very high temperatures and is resistant to acids and alkalis. Due to its needle-like fibres it is considered highly dangerous if inhaled. It was commonly used for pipe lagging and insulating boards. * Chrysotile (white asbestos) This type of asbestos accounts for the majority of asbestos used in the UK. It has curly fibres and is considered the least dangerous. It was used in asbestos cement products, vinyl floor tiles, and woven products such as fire gloves.

Answer 84

* sprayed coatings * pipe insulation * Asbestos Insulating Board (AIB) used for ceiling, door and window panels * floor tiles * asbestos cement products * textured coatings (such as Artex).

Answer 85

* Mesothelioma - a cancer which affects the mesothelium, the protective lining that covers many of the internal organs of the body. Typically takes 30 to 40 years to develop. Is almost always fatal and is particularly linked to crocidolite and amosite asbestos. * Asbestos-related lung cancer. The disease can take 10 to 30 years to develop from a first exposure. * Asbestosis - This is a serious scarring of the lung that normally occurs after heavy exposure over many years. Can take 15 to 60 years to develop. In severe cases it can be fatal. * Pleural diseases - The lining of the lung (pleura) thickens and swells causing shortness of breath and discomfort in the chest. Caused after heavy exposure.

Answer 86

If you believe you have found asbestos: * Evacuate the area and prohibit further access * Leave all contaminated material in the area * Make no attempt to clean the area * Report the incident to a supervisor * Complete an incident report

Answer 87

Asbestos can only be removed or disposed of by a licensed Class A or Class B asbestos removalist who is trained and equipped to protect themselves, as well as the people and environment around them from the dangers of asbestos dust and fibres. The service includes the safe removal of the materials from the worksite along with the cost of lawful disposal. * Class A licence-holders are permitted to remove both friable and non-friable asbestos * Class B licence-holders are permitted to only remove non-friable (solid) asbestos materials

Answer 88

Classification determined by The Control of Asbestos Regulation 2012. * Notifiable Asbestos: Notifiable asbestos materials are those that are considered to pose a higher risk to health and require specific notification to HSE before work can be carries out. (e.g., Asbestos insulation board, Sprayed coatings) * Non-Notifiable asbestos: Non-notifiable asbestos materials are those that are considered to have a lower risk of releasing asbestos fibers and do not require specific notification to the HSE before work can be carried out. However, these materials still contain asbestos and must be handled with care. (e.g., Asbestos cement products, asbestos floor tiles, artex).

Answer 89

* Brick & block work attached by metal ties to studs * Cavity * Sheathing attached to gypsum board * Cavity filled with insulation * Plaster board, plastered, skimmed & painted

Answer 90

* Potable water * Fire mains * No gas but all electric * Data & Telecommunication ducts for BMS, Wifinity & BT * Lighting * Heating

Answer 91

Supply & extract ventilation through mechanical ventilation heat recovery

Answer 92

* A patent defect refers to a defect that is readily apparent and can be easily observed upon inspection or through reasonable diligence. These defects are visible or obvious to anyone and do not require any specialized knowledge or expertise to identify. For example, a crack in a wall or a leak in a roof would be considered patent defects. * On the other hand, a latent defect refers to a flaw or defect that is not immediately visible or evident upon inspection, and may only become apparent after a certain period of time or under specific circumstances. These defects are hidden or concealed and may require a more thorough investigation or expertise to discover. For example, a hidden plumbing issue or a structural flaw that is not apparent upon visual inspection would be considered latent defects

Answer 93

* MCDA * Cost benefit analysis * Lifecycle costing * Risk analysis / Monte Carlo * Benchmarking * Customer / client feedback

Answer 94

The sacrifice made in relating to the benefits received.

Answer 95

* Formed a new regulatory body within the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) called the Building Safety Regulator (BSR). * All Approved Inspectors will need to become Registered Building Control Approvers (RBCA) which requires registration with the BSR. Registration to be done by 6 April 2024 * Building control is to become a regulated profession, meaning that the job title ‘Building Inspector’ will be protected in law; they must register with the BSR as a Registered Building Inspector. * Identification of legal duties, roles, and what info the Approved inspection requires from you throughout processing your application.

Answer 96

During 2019 fire safety insurance cover was removed from the professional indemnity insurance market following the Grenfell Disaster. During 2020/21 the RICS worked with insurers to restrict blanket fire safety exclusions, to identify what could be used.

Answer 97

Inclusive design aims to ensure that the differences in the way people use the built and natural environment can be accommodated for through dignified, equal and intuitive use by everyone.

Answer 98

Asbestos is the term used for the fibrous forms of several naturally occurring minerals, which are found throughout the world. Asbestos is an extremely versatile product with the following properties: *high tensile strength – can be woven *low electrical conductivity *chemical resistant *fire resistant *binding agent.

Answer 99

Crocidolite (blue asbestos) This rare type of asbestos is extremely strong, can withstand very high temperatures and is resistant to acids and alkalis. Due to its needle-like fibres exposure presents a serious health risk. Common uses included lagging and sprayed coatings. Amosite (brown asbestos) This type of asbestos can withstand very high temperatures and is resistant to acids and alkalis. Due to its needle-like fibres it is considered highly dangerous if inhaled. It was commonly used for pipe lagging and insulating boards. Chrysotile (white asbestos) This type of asbestos accounts for the majority of asbestos used in the UK. It has curly fibres and is considered the least dangerous. It was used in asbestos cement products, vinyl floor tiles, and woven products such as fire gloves. There are three other types of asbestos fibre which have had limited use and are found occasionally in various products. These are actinolite, anthophyllite and tremolite. Colour should never be used to identify asbestos, as it's usually mixed with other materials.

Answer 100

*sprayed coatings *pipe insulation *Asbestos Insulating Board (AIB) used for ceiling, door and window panels *floor tiles *asbestos cement products *textured coatings (such as Artex).

Answer 101

As early as 4000 BC there was evidence of the use of asbestos as lamp wicks. The name asbestos is derived from the Greek meaning indestructible or inextinguishable. Over 6 million tonnes of asbestos (mainly chrysotile) have been imported into the UK since 1900. It was used in a wide variety of industries and many different types of properties including schools, hospitals, offices, and factories. The peak period was the 1960s 1980s and it was extensively used when building post-war New Towns. The Health and Safety at Work Act was introduced in 1974 and this enabled the government to bring in subsequent legislation aimed specifically at asbestos, as the harmful effects on the body became better known. Crocidolite and amosite asbestos were banned in 1985, with the use of chrysotile allowed to continue as it was seen as less harmful. Chrysotile asbestos was finally banned in 1999.

Answer 102

Mesothelioma * This is a cancer which affects the mesothelium, the protective lining that covers many of the internal organs of the body. * It typically takes 30 to 40 years to develop. * Is almost always fatal and is particularly linked to crocidolite and amosite asbestos. * It can develop after a relatively low exposure Asbestos-related lung cancer * Asbestos-related lung cancer is the same as lung cancer caused by smoking and other diseases. * The combination of smoking and asbestos exposure is especially harmful. The disease can take 10 to 30 years to develop from a first exposure. Asbestosis * This is a serious scarring of the lung that normally occurs after heavy exposure over many years. * The disease can take 15 to 60 years to develop. In severe cases it can be fatal. Pleural diseases * The lining of the lung (pleura) thickens and swells causing shortness of breath and discomfort in the chest. * Caused after heavy exposure.

Answer 103

o The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 o The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 o The Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012

Answer 104

The main requirement of the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations is that employers must carry out risk assessments to eliminate or reduce risks.

Answer 105

These regulations deal specifically with asbestos and the main requirements are as follows. *Employees responsible for building maintenance have a duty to manage the asbestos in them. *If existing asbestos-containing materials are in good condition and are not likely to be damaged, they may be left in place, and their condition monitored to ensure they are not disturbed. *If you want to do any building or maintenance work in buildings that might contain asbestos you need to identify where it is and its type and condition. Assess the risks, and manage and control these risks. *In the majority of cases work with asbestos needs to be done by a licensed contractor. *The control limit for asbestos is 0.1 asbestos fibres per cubic centimeter of air (0.1 f/cm3). Work activities involving asbestos must be reduced to as far below the control limit as possible.

Answer 106

The duty to manage asbestos is contained within Regulation 4 of the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012. It requires the person responsible (the dutyholder) to: *take reasonable steps to find out if there are any asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) in a premises, and if so, where it is and the condition it is in *make, and keep up to date, a record of the location and condition of the asbestos-containing materials *prepare a plan of how these materials will be managed *periodically review the plan and ensure it is kept up to date *provide information on the location and condition of the materials to anyone who is liable to work on them or disturb them.

Answer 107

There are two types of survey for ACM: *asbestos management surveys *refurbishment/demolition surveys.

Answer 108

The asbestos risk register is key to managing any asbestos items found, or presumed to be, in your buildings. The risk register needs to be updated regularly (at least once per year) and should contain the following: *current information on the presence and condition of asbestos items *information when any asbestos items are removed *any new asbestos items found when new areas are surveyed.

Answer 109

Partial possession - Agreed post contract and enables PC / contractual obligations are passed to the contractor. Early use - Client is allowed access, but does not impose the contractual changes / PC

Answer 110

Modular construction is a way of building structures with prefabricated units or modules that are assembled on site.

Answer 111

Faster construction Lower building costs Requires fewer workers Reduces waste Causes less disruption around the building site Greater worker safety Improved productivity Increased schedule certainty

Answer 112

issues with transport and storage - Can cause issues such as shown with Legal & general mould issue Limitation in size of modules based on transportation Not suitable for all locations - ie irregular shaped plot changes post factory are difficult

Answer 113

CTM measures are implemented to reduce the vulnerability to threat. Threat level will influence measures in place. On my projects it includes, blast proof windows, if a new build consideration to stand off distances ie BZN had to be 30 M due to facility type and location, Combermere 1.5M, access control into building and or barracks, use of CCTV.

Answer 114

Construction Design management regulations 2015

Answer 115

Design development is a progressive stage that focuses on refining and evolving the design concept from the initial concept to a more detailed and resolved design solution. Design change, on the other hand, involves making modifications or adjustments to the design after it has been developed and approved, typically in response to unforeseen circumstances or evolving project needs.

Construction technology and environmental services Flashcards

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