CONSTRUCTION TERMS PART 2 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
supports the weight of the structure and its applied loads
A
foundation
2
Q
the simplest and probably the most common type of building foundation that include individual footings, combined footings, and mat foundations
A
spread footing
3
Q
consist of a heavily reinforced concrete slab extending under the entire structure, in order to spread the structure’s load over a large area
A
mat or raft foundations
4
Q
a type of mat foundation in which the weight of the soil excavated approximately equals the weight of the structure being erected
A
floating foundation
5
Q
the process of improving soils in place
A
ground modification or soil stabilization
6
Q
nothing more than a column driven into the soil to support a structure by transferring building loads to a deeper and stronger layer of soil or rock
A
pile
7
Q
may be manufactured in almost any desired size or shape
A
precast concrete piles
8
Q
also called shell piles
A
cast–in–place concrete piles
9
Q
constructed by driving a steel shell into the ground and then filling it with concrete
A
cast–in–place concrete piles
10
Q
capable of supporting heavy loads, can be driven to great depth without damage, and are easily cut and spliced
A
steel piles
11
Q
piles made up of two or more different materials
A
composite piles
12
Q
they are a special form of cast–in–place concrete pile in which an enlarged base (or bulb) is formed during driving
A
bulb piles
13
Q
simply a column, usually of reinforced concrete, constructed below the ground surface
A
pier
14
Q
a structure used to provide all–around lateral support to an excavation and may be either open or pneumatic
A
caisson
15
Q
also known as quicksand
A
liquefaction
16
Q
a condition wherein the soil behave like a liquid when the water pressure exactly equals soil weight
A
liquefaction
17
Q
a condition wherein the water pressure is strong enough to move subsurface soil up through the bottom of the cut
A
boiling or piping
18
Q
provides lateral support for the sides of an excavation
A
shoring
19
Q
nothing more than sheeting placed horizontally
A
lagging
20
Q
sheeting of concrete, steel, or timber that is designed to be driven by a pile driver
A
sheet piling
21
Q
used in place of shoring to protect workers during trenching operations
A
trench shields or trench boxes
22
Q
the process of removing water from an excavation
A
dewatering
23
Q
the ease with which water flows through the soil and primarily a function of a soil’s grain size distribution
A
soil permeability
24
Q
the perforated assembly placed on the bottom of the inlet pipe for a well
A
wellpoint
25
wellpoints that are sealed at the surface by placing a ring of bentonite or clay around the well casing
vacuum wells
26
the process of accelerating the flow of water through a soil by the application of a direct current
electroosmosis
27
the process of injecting a grouting agent into soil or rock to increase its strength or stability, protect foundations, or reduce groundwater flow
grouting or pressure grouting
28
slabs that are supported directly by columns without the use of beams or joists
flat slabs
29
concrete that has been cast into the desired shape prior to placement in a structure
precast concrete
30
concrete to which an initial compression load has been applied
prestressed concrete
31
places the prestressing material (reinforcing steel or prestressing cables) under tension in the concrete form before the member is poured
pre–tensioning
32
places the prestressing steel (usually placed inside a metal or plastic tube cast into the member) under tension after the concrete member has been erected
post–tensioning
33
the process of removing air voids in concrete as it is placed
consolidation
34
the process of bringing the surface of concrete to its final position and imparting the desired surface texture
finishing
35
may be employed to reduce the amount of free water present in plastic concrete after the concrete has been placed and screeded
vacuum dewatering
36
five (5) most common masonry pattern bonds
* running bond
* common bond
* Flemish bond
* English bond
* stack bond
37
uses only stretcher courses with head joints centered over stretchers in the course below
running bond
38
uses a header course repeated at regular intervals; usually every fifth, sixth, or seventh course
common bond
39
alternates stretchers and headers in each course with headers centered over stretchers in the course below
Flemish bond
40
made up of alternate courses of headers and stretchers, with headers centered on stretchers
English bond
41
provides no interlocking between adjacent masonry units and is used for its architectural effect
stack bond
42
a continuously reinforced horizontal beam of concrete or masonry designed to provide additional strength and to prevent cracking in a masonry wall
bond beam
43
in masonry walls, these are used to permit differential movement of wall sections caused by shrinkage of concrete foundations and floor slabs, temperature and moisture changes, and foundation settlement
expansion or control joints
44
consists of layers of impervious material used to seal out moisture or to direct any moisture that does penetrate back to the outside
flashing
45
a graphical schedule relating progress of items of work to a time schedule
bar graph or bar chart schedule
46
utilizes probability concepts to deal with the uncertainty associated with activity time estimates
Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)
47
assigns each activity a single fixed duration
Critical Path Method (CPM)
48
in this format, each activity is represented by an arrow that has an associated description and expected duration
activity–on–arrow
49
they do not represent any work and, hence, always have a duration of zero
dummy activity
50
the earliest time at which each event may occur based on an arbitrary starting time of zero
early event time
51
that path through the network which establishes the minimum project duration
critical path
52
the amount of scheduling leeway available to an activity
float (slack in PERT terminology)
53
a simple form of the activity on–node diagram
circle diagram or circle notation
54
each activity is represented by a circle containing the activity description, an identifying number, and the activity duration
circle diagram or circle notation
55
an extension of the activity on–node format that provides for incorporation of lag-time factors as well as permitting additional precedence relationships
precedence diagram
56
all activities are scheduled to start at the earliest allowable time, such a schedule
early start schedule
57
all activities are started at their latest allowable starting time
late start schedule
58
fixed costs that are incurred each year whether the equipment is operated or not
owning costs
59
five (5) principal elements of owning cost
* depreciation
* investment cost or interest
* insurance cost
* tax cost
* storage cost
60
incurred only when the equipment is used
operating costs
61
represents the decline in market value of an item of equipment due to age, wear, deterioration, and obsolescence
depreciation
62
represents the annual cost (converted to an hourly cost) of the capital invested in a machine
investment cost or interest
63
represents the cost of fire, theft, accident, and liability insurance for the equipment
insurance cost
64
represents the cost of property tax and licenses for the equipment
tax cost
65
represents the cost of rent and maintenance for equipment storage yards and facilities, the wages of guards and employees involved in handling equipment in and out of storage, and associated direct overhead
storage cost
66
sum of depreciation, investment, insurance, tax, and storage
total equipment owning cost
67
represents the cost of oil, hydraulic fluids, grease, and filters as well as the labor required to perform routine maintenance service
service cost
68
represents the cost of all equipment repair and maintenance
repair cost
69
it includes cost estimating prior to bidding or negotiating a contract, forecasting project income and expenditure (or cash flow), and determining the amount of work that a construction firm can safely undertake at one time for a construction project
financial planning
70
it involves estimating the total cost to carry out a construction project in accordance with the plans and specifications
cost estimating
71
involves the measurement and recording of project costs and progress and a comparison between actual and planned performance
project cost control
72
determination that the contractor possesses both the technical and financial ability to perform the work required by the contract
qualification of a contractor
73
under this procedure only those contractors determined to be capable of performing are invited to submit bids for the project
prequalification
74
guarantees that a contractor will provide the required performance and payment bonds if awarded the contract
bid bond
75
guarantees completion of the project as described in the contract documents
performance bond
76
guarantees the payment of subcontractors, laborers, and suppliers by the contractor
payment bond
77
contracts between a prime contractor and secondary contractors or suppliers
subcontracts
78
one negotiated between an owner and a construction firm
negotiated contract
79
provides a specified payment for completion of the work described in the contract documents
lump–sum contract
80
specify the amount to be paid for each unit of work but not the total contract amount
unit–price contracts
81
contains a provision whereby the contract value is adjusted according to a specified price index
fixed price with escalation contracts
82
part of a cost contract in which the contractor is paid a fee that is a percentage of the project’s actual cost
cost–plus percentage
83
four (4) construction contract documents
* agreement
* conditions of the contract (usually general conditions and special conditions
* plans
* specifications
84
describes the work to be performed, the required completion time, contract sum, provisions for progress payments and final payment, and lists the other documents making up the complete contract
agreement
85
contain those contract provisions applicable to most construction contracts written by the owner
general conditions
86
contain any additional contract provisions applicable to the specific project
special conditions
87
the analysis of a design with the objective of accomplishing the required function at a lower cost
value engineering
88
the time allowed (expressed as either days allowed or as a required completion date) for completion of a construction project is normally specified in the contract along with the phrase “time is of the essence"
contract time
89
part of a contract which may be used to simplify the process of establishing the amount of damages resulting from late completion
liquidated damages clause
90
drawings that show the location, dimensions, and details of the work to be performed
construction plans
91
provide the detailed requirements for the materials, equipment, and workmanship to be incorporated into the project
construction technical specifications
92
drawings, charts, and other data prepared by a contractor or supplier which describe the detailed characteristics of equipment or show how specific structural elements or items of equipment are to be fabricated and installed
shop drawings
93
these are made at the interval specified in the contract, usually monthly or upon completion of certain milestones
progress payments
94
it is customary to withhold a percentage of the value of work completed as a guarantee against defective work and to ensure that the remaining work can be completed within the unpaid amount of the contract; the amount withheld is referred to as _____
retainage or retention
95
the usual construction contract contains a clause authorizing the owner or owner’s representative to order changes to the project within the general scope of the contract; the document directing such a change is referred to as a _____
change order
96
frequently, it will be found that changes or delay in one activity will necessitate changes in resource allocation or progress on other activities that result in additional project cost; these costs are sometimes referred to as _____
consequential costs
97
_____ in the orderly progress of a construction project may result from a multitude of causes
delays
98
three (3) general categories of delay include
* those beyond the control of either the contractor or the owner (“acts of God”)
* those under the control of the owner
* those under the control of the contractor
99
the list of deficiencies to be corrected which is prepared at the final inspection
punch list of record
100
a request by the contractor for a time extension or for additional payment based on the occurrence of an event beyond the contractor’s control that has not been covered by a change order
claim
101
disagreements between the contractor and owner over some aspect of contract performance
disputes
102
construction documents that show in graphic and quantitative form the extent, design location, relationships, and dimensions of the work to be done
drawings
103
a single volume that contains all written requirements for a building construction project
project manual
104
constitute that portion of the written requirements for a building construction project that are contained in the divisions of a project manual
specifications
105
presents a database that includes design data, drawings, specifications, materials and systems parameters, and life cycle data, for all the various disciplines involved in a project and relates those data to each other and to the project as a whole to present an overall view of the project
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
106
a process whereby a prime design professional engaged by an owner, and the design professional's consultants, prepare bidding documents and issue them to a group of constructors
bidding
107
a process whereby an architect engaged by an owner, and the architect's consultants, prepare negotiation documents
negotiation
