CONTEMP PSYCHOLGY WEEK 2 Flashcards
(38 cards)
1
Q
what are the key themes for biological approaches?
A
- focuses on brain,neurotransmitters, genes
- behaviour analysed in underlying structure and function (structuralist)
- relationship between enviro and organism ( functionalist)
2
Q
THE BODY AS A MACHINE
A
3
Q
what is Rene Descartes view on this?
A
- mind/body dualism
- body is machine
- soul/mind is separate from the body
- mind and body interact through pineal gland
- intro the concept of automatic stimulus-response actions i.e. reflex actions
4
Q
what was the brainless reflex?
A
Robert whytt - studied reflex actions
- showed decapitated frogs show reflexes therefore brain is not required
distinguished between voluntary and involuntary actions
5
Q
briefly state the bell-magendie law?
A
- basic arrangement of the nervous system
- nerve function is based on electrical activity
connections between nerves from the mechanisms of simple reflexes
6
Q
briefly state of the law of specific energies?
A
- the sensation experienced following stimulation of a sensory nerve doe snot depend on the mode of stimulation but upon the nature of the sense- organ
7
Q
who was Helmholtz?
A
- leading authority on sensory systems in the 19th century
- contributions leaded ; measuring the speed of neural impulses
- vision
hearing
8
Q
where did reflexes lead to?
A
conditioning - behaviourism - learning theory
9
Q
where did nerve conduction lead to?
A
reaction time - cognitive psychology
10
Q
where did the senses lead to?
A
- physiological psychology - perception
11
Q
THE BRAIN AS A MACHINE
A
12
Q
WHO WAS Wadeyer Hartz?
A
- proposed that the nervous system is made of individual and discrete cells
- neurone ;describe individual c cells
= Neurone Doctrine
13
Q
how do we know brain are made up of cells?
A
- A man names Golgi who developed a stain for brain tissue
- he produced the first cllear pictured of neurons supporting the Neurone Doctrine which proposed the ‘NERVE NETWORK THEORY’- the brain works that these nerves are designed in such a way to communication- function by structure
- Golgi had the idea that nerves were connected a big nerve network
14
Q
why and who rejected Golgi’s nerve network theory?
A
- Cajal rejected Golgis nerve network theory
- he claimed that there is a gap between neurons as they don’t touch so they cannot be a network
- yet both shared the prize for medicine 1906 for contradictory thoughts
15
Q
what was the discovery of the synapse?
A
- cajal was right
- as deomstrated by Sherrington - who worked on relex actions in ‘spinal Dogs’ thta found evidence that contradicted the ‘nerve network theory’
as: reaction time was too slow : so if stimulated the response was slow - temporal summation: if you stimulate spinal cord with small signal not enough to elicit a reflex action not sufficient, so need more
- spatial summation: so if stimulated in different location each would not be sufficient if enough area of location then enough reflex
- gap= synapse- chemical change for electrical messages
= lead to the existence of neurotransmitters.
16
Q
where did neurones lead to?
A
- synapses- neurotransmitters- function of neurotransmitter systems - pharmacological treatment for psychological disorders
17
Q
DAMAGED BRAIN DAMAGED MIND
A
18
Q
What is the brain?
A
- organ of the mind
- by FRanz-Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
- he advocated that brain composed of faculties (cog and emotional)
- the larger the brain area the greater ability
- the surface of the scalp reflects the surface of the brain.
- BUT size does not relate to function
- scalp surface does not relate to brain surface
19
Q
who was Jean PIERRE FLOURENS and what did he do?
A
- rejected phrenology
- used the method of ablation- if the brain region X has function Y ablating X will stop Y
- one fact of phreneology is that the cerrebellum controls sexual behaviour
HOWEVER - flourens found that removing the cerebellum affects motor coordination but not sexual behaviour - therefore cerebellum cannot be the faculty of amativeness
20
Q
Explain one function the different parts of the brain and by who?
A
- ‘The speech centre’
- By Paul-Broca (1861) reported the first strong evidence of functional localisation of language in the brain
- as his patient TAn could not speak could understand expressive aphasia
- and when he died at post mortem Tan was found to have a large left-frontal lesion
= speech centre=Broca’s area.
20
Q
Explain one function the different parts of the brain and by who?
A
- ‘The speech centre’
- By Paul-Broca (1861) reported the first strong evidence of functional localisation of language in the brain
- as his patient TAn could not speak could understand expressive aphasia
- and when he died at post mortem Tan was found to have a large left-frontal lesion
= speech centre=Broca’s area.
21
Q
who discovered ‘The comprehension centre’ and what was it?
A
- Carl Wernicke (1874)
- multiple examples called vertigo studies
- did this on the area on this junction between the temporal and parietal cortex = wernicke’s area
- receptive aphasia = cannot understand caused by lesions of the left posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus
22
Q
How does aphasia work?
A
auditory info come in Wernicke’s area understand it where concepts are elaborate formulate ideas cognition to words and produce speech output
23
Q
what is the Wernicke-lichtheim model?
A
- functional model based on clinical observation and a priori reasoning
- explain 5 types of aphasia : Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia, Sensory transcortical aphasia, Motor Transcortical Aphasia and conduction Aphasia
= Conduction Aphasia was predicted on the basis of this model before any clinical cases had been reported.
24
Describe the study of Phineas gage? (1823-1860)
- tamping rod made of metal aparked set of gunpowder and forced the rod through the front of his face through the back ,frontal lobe =massive damage but survived.
= consequence he had a personality change and character
25
where did the Wernicke -Lichtheim model lead to?
- modern cognitive psychology
| - Clinical neuropsychology
26
where are memories stored?
- stored in specific locations-engrams
27
what were the two laws and their definition?
- law of mass action: the efficiency of learning is a function of the intact mass of the cortex, more tissue,more learning
- equipotentiality: all parts of the cortex are essentially equal to another in terms of its contribution to learning.
28
what did Lorber (1980) do ?
- documented over 600 scans of people with hydrocephalus
| - found pressure had been controlled and had ventricles
29
Describe wilder Penfield and cortical stimulation?
- involved in epilepsy
- Penfield electrically stimulated the cortex of patients undergoing surgery for focal epilepsy
- patients were awake and reported their experiences
- more than 1000 =all areas covered all cortex
- memories were reported only during stimulation of the temporal lobes
= memories stored in the temporal lobe
30
where did localisation of function ?
- lead to modern mapping( PET/FMRI/MEG)
31
what is PET?
- PET study of single word processing
- based on the idea amount of oxygen used = doing a task
- used subtraction method
32
What is EEG used for
- epilepsy
- sleep disorders
- brain death
- apply visual stimulus and auditory stimulus
33
what is EEG?
- A technique which measures local field potentials which are commonly referred to as brain waves
- these brain waves change depending on the mental state of the participant
- conditions such as epilepsy change brains waves and these can be localised using EEG.
34
what are EEG structural uses?
strucutral imaging= high resolution
- morphological research
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Functional imaging
- non-invasive
- basic neuroscience research
- some clinical applications
primate replacements
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35
MEG VS EEG
- MEG ; better spatial resolution
- magnetic fields not affected by a cap and the presence of the skull
- more sensitive to superficial cortical activity
HOWEVER
- expensive
- not widely available
- does not get signal from cortical gyri
36
what is MRI ?
- non invasive
- uses radiofrequency waves in the presence of a large magnetic field
- MRI probes water molecules in different wats to produce images
37
what is an advantage of FMRI?
- can be used to pinpoint active regions of the brain under controlled conditions
