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Psychology- Cognitive > Contemporary Study > Flashcards

Contemporary Study Flashcards

1
Q

Sebastian + Hernandez- Gil (2012)= Contemporary Study

Procedure- Part 1

A

1) Ppts split into 5 AGE GROUPS
= 5, 6-8,9-11,12-14,15-17yrs- so each condition consisted of different ages where digit span measured
2) Tested individually in break, sequences of digits= READ ALOUD, 1 PER SECOND. Started with 3 SEQUENCES of 3 DIGITS
3) Each time ppt gets sequence right(in correct order), ANOTHER DIGIT ADDED to increase span, ppt tried again
4) Instructions= ppt listen carefully and recall digits in SAME ORDER as presented
5) Digit span measured by NUMBER OF DIGITS in sequence where they recalled at least 2/3 SEQUENCES CORRECTLY

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2
Q

Sebastian + Hernandez- Gil (2012)= Contemporary Study

Procedure- Part 2

A

1) Used SECONDARY DATA from previous study (2010) to compare 25 OLDER PEOPLE with 25 of those with ALZHEIMERS and 9 people with FRONTAL- TEMPORAL DEMENTIA
2) To gather data about digit span using the same digit task as part 1

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3
Q

Sebastian + Hernandez-Gil (2012)= Contemporary Study

Samples

A

Part 1= 570 VOLUNTEERS, aged 5-17yrs from SPANISH POPULATION, from various schools in MADRID. None had repeated a school year or had learning difficulties in reading, writing or hearing - some control of education and cog differences

Part 2= 25 OLDER PEOPLE, 25 people with ALZHEIMERS, 9 people with FRONTAL- TEMPORAL DEMENTIA

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4
Q

Sebastian and Hernandez- Gil (2012)= Contemporary Study

Results- Part 1

A

Age group: Mean digit span:

Preschool (5YEARS)-                                             3.76
Primary School (6-8YEARS)-                              4.34
Primary School (9-11YEARS)-                             5.13
Secondary School (12-14YEARS)-                    5.46
Secondary School (15-17YEARS)-                    5.83
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5
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez-Gil(2012)

Aims 1

A

Aim 1-

To study the DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERN of WORKING MEMORY overtime, including changes from AGING or DEMENTIA

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6
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez-Gil (2012)

Aims 2

A

Aim 2-
To analyze DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERN of the PHONOLOGICAL LOOP in CHILDREN aged 5-17yrs. Involves looking at AGE DIGIT SPAN + when it stopped increasing in adulthood/ adolescence.

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7
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez-Gil (2012)

Aims 3

A

Aim 3-
Looking at DECLINE of DIGIT SPAN in OLDER PEOPLE including those with 2 types of DEMENTIA; Alzheimer’s and fronto-temporal dementia

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8
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez-Gil (2012)

Aims 4

A

Aim 4-
See if ANGLO SAXON DATA- which found 15yrs the age where DIGIT SPAN stops developing further is replicated for SPANISH SPEAKERS or HIGHER. Could be affected by WORD LENGTH

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9
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez-Gil (2012)

Results-part 2

A

Group: Gender: Mean digit span:

Alzheimer’s dementia->7 males,18 females= 4.20

Fronto-temporal dementia-> 5males,4 females=4.22

Healthy older people-> 6males,19 females= 4.44

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10
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez-Gil (2012)

Result analysis- part 1

A

Part 1-
Showed digit span INCREASED with AGE
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN(5yrs)= VERY LOW digit span
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE from other ages

Data COMPARED with dat from INTELLIGENCE TEST for children (Spanish) also showing digit span INCREASED with AGE. But digit span was HIGHER each time than the findings in this study

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11
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez-Gil (2012)

Results analysis -part 2

A

Part 2-
They compared the results of this study with their PREVIOUS STUDY. The performance of ELDERLY participants was compared with the YOUNGEST in PART 1 of the study and showed a HIGHER digit span hat both the 5yr and 6yr olds.

The performance of ELDERLY participant didn’t DIFFER from other YEAR GROUPS. Digit span does DECLINE with AGE, when becoming elderly, IRRESPECTIVE of whether you have DEMENTIA or not.

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12
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez- Gil (2012)

Conclusions 1

A

Conclusions 1-

  • Digit span INCREASES from ages 5-17yrs. Contrasts with ANGLO SAXON DATA as other studies found that digit span increased to 15yrs + reach adult level- about 7 DIGITS.
  • Highlighted idea of differences in WORD LENGTH(how long it takes to say a word) between SPANISH and ENGLISH. Pointed out BADDELEY ET AL (1975) finding that memory pan is affected by lists using LONG WORDS compared to SHORT WORDS
  • SUBVOCAL REHEARSAL= important as the long it takes to ‘say’ digit to yourself, the more the TRACE would DECAY, and so the easier it is to lose the info when rehearsing digits
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13
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez- Gil (2012)

Conclusion 2

A

Conclusion 2-

  • Spanish words are LONGER than English words. SUBVOCAL rehearsal doesn’t start until age 7, and so there should be LESS difference between english and Spanish children under 7, compared to over 7
  • English studies have found digits span of around 4 for age 5-6YEARS, comparable to SPANISH children of that age. Therefore, SUBVOCAL rehearsal could be the CAUSE of the DIFFERENCE for OLDER people.
  • From age 7 digit span INCREASES with age for both english and Spanish participants but the digit span is about ONE DIGIT LOWER for SPANISH because of the effect of word length.
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14
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez- Gil (2012)

Conclusion 3

A

Conclusion 3-

  • Healthy OLDER people has a digit span similar to 7 YEAR OLDS, showing that digit span DECLINES with age, although we are unsure when this decline starts
  • The digit span of ALZHEMIER’S and FRONTO-TEMPORAL DEMENTIA is not much different from HEALTHY OLDER people and is SIMILAR to a 6 YEAR OLD.
  • Therefore, DEMENTIA didn’t seem to IMPACT on digit span. The CAPACITY of the PHONOLOGICAL LOOP seems to be affect by age but not dementia
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15
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez- Gil (2012)

Evaluation- Generalizability

A

Strength- Generalizability
This study used 570 volunteers to investigate digit span and working memory. This sample is large, improving validity as this reduces the probability of anomalies influencing the results. Therefore, the data analyzed with relation to the idea of subvocal rehearsal and word length impacting digit span can be considered highly valid, as it is likely the data is accurate and representative of the general population

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16
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez- Gil (2012)

Evaluation- Ecological Validity

A

Weakness- Ecological Validity
We can argue that the usefulness of this study is limited due to it’s low ecological validity. The digit task provided the participants with digits in order to assess the phonological loop by measuring it’s capacity through the correct recall of 2 out of 3 of digit sequences in the correct order. This is not reflective of how we commonly use our phonological loop to remember information in a natural, everyday scenario, therefore not giving an accurate measure on the capacity of the phonological loop in real life. This lack of validity makes it difficult to generalize the results to everyday life in explaining how we use our phonological loop.

17
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez- Gil (2012)

Evaluation- Reliability

A

Strength- Reliability
The study followed a standardized procedure; participant were read a digit one per second over 3 trials. Each time they got a sequence correct another digit was added onto the sequence. At least 2 out of 3 sequences had to be recalled in the correct order. This means the study can easily be replicated to test for consistency in the results, improving it’s overall reliability as a study.

18
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez- Gil (2012)

Evaluation- Generalizability 2

A

Weakness- Generalizability
It can be argued that this study is ethnocentric as it only includes participants from schools in Madrid, meaning they were only studying digit span in terms of the Spanish language. Therefore, the results cannot be applied universally on digit span and the phonological loop as different languages have varying word lengths compared to Spanish words. For example English words are shorter than Spanish words. This reduces it’s usefulness as a theory as we have limited application to society.

However, memory is consider universal, opposing this weakness as it allows the results to be generalized to the wider population

19
Q

Contemporary Study=
Sebastian + Hernandez- Gil (2012)

Evaluation- Application

A

Strength- Application
This study provides good application to society in aiding explanation of people’ critical real life cognitive skills and abilities. Those with a longer digit span have been found to be better readers as well as having higher general intelligence. While the opposite has been found in those with short digit span and it is associated with specific learning disorders such as dyslexia. This demonstrates that digit span can be used to explain people cognitive skills, which means if this is screened early, interventions can be done in order to improve in those with shorter digit spans.

Psychology- Cognitive (2 decks)

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